The Bow Street Runners were a trailblazing group that transformed the practice of law enforcement. The United States can learn from this type of policing which is to make sure no unlawful arrest is made without proper investigation.
With the assistance of the government, Henry Fielding and his brother John helped establish a new approach to policing that would serve as the foundation for all future police operations. The initial hesitant measures taken to reimagine law enforcement in eighteenth-century England are largely responsible for the way that police is done today.
Law enforcement personnel are often subject to the same self-defense regulations as the general public. Lethal force is typically acceptable when a first responder or a member of the public is in danger of suffering significant physical harm or even death. The majority of law enforcement organizations create a continuum for the use of force and designate lethal force as a last choice.
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TRUE/FALSE. Courts have increasingly set aside arbitration clauses involving small businesses or consumers.
TRUE, In recent years, there has been a growing trend among courts to set aside arbitration clauses that are included in contracts involving small businesses or consumers.
This is because such clauses are often seen as unfair to these groups, as they may not have the resources or bargaining power to negotiate more favorable terms. Additionally, arbitration proceedings can be costly and time-consuming, which may further disadvantage these groups.
As a result, many courts have been willing to invalidate arbitration clauses in such cases, allowing small businesses and consumers to pursue their claims through traditional legal channels.
However, it is important to note that this trend is not universal, and some courts may still enforce arbitration clauses in certain circumstances. Ultimately, the outcome will depend on the specific facts and circumstances of each case.
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original jurisdiction is the authority of a court to hear and decide before any other court does. which courts in the federal and state court systems have orginal jurisdication?
In the federal court system, the district courts have original jurisdiction over most cases, while in the state court system, trial courts of general jurisdiction typically have original jurisdiction.
In the federal court system, the district courts have original jurisdiction over most cases, including federal criminal cases, civil cases arising under federal law, and cases involving diversity of citizenship. The Supreme Court of the United States has original jurisdiction over a limited set of cases, such as disputes between states or cases involving foreign ambassadors or public ministers.
In the state court system, preliminary courts of general purview commonly have a unique ward over most cases, including criminal and common cases. In certain states, specific courts, for example, family courts or probate courts, may likewise have unique wards over particular sorts of cases. Re-appraising courts for the most part don't have a unique purview, however, rather hear requests from lower courts.
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2. Locate two examples of programs used to promote the community policing philosophy from two different police departments in
Indiana (one program from each department).
The law of torts reflects all EXCEPT:a. social valuesb. community standardsc. the way we deal with each other in the current environment d. the international perspective on liabilitye. none of the other choices
The answer is (d) - the law of torts does not necessarily reflect the international perspective on liability.
The law of torts is primarily concerned with civil wrongs that cause harm or injury to another person, and it is developed and applied by courts to reflect social values, community standards, and the way we deal with each other in the current environment.
Therefore, options (a), (b), and (c) are all accurate statements regarding the law of torts. However, option (d), the international perspective on liability, is not necessarily reflected in the law of torts, as liability standards and legal systems may vary widely between different countries and regions.
Therefore, the answer is (d) - the law of torts does not necessarily reflect the international perspective on liability
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What are the different personal protective equipment and state their function?
There are several types of PPE available, each with a specific function, such as respirators, gloves, eye and face protection, head protection, hearing protection, protective clothing. Personal protective equipment is specialized equipment designed to protect individuals from workplace hazards and injuries.
Respirators: Respirators are designed to protect workers from inhaling hazardous substances such as dust, smoke, fumes, and vapors.
Gloves: Gloves protect hands from cuts, punctures, abrasions, and exposure to chemicals, infectious agents, and other hazards.
Eye and Face Protection: Eye and face protection includes safety glasses, goggles, face shields, and helmets with visors. They protect workers from flying debris, splashes, and other hazards that can cause eye and facial injuries.
Head Protection: Hard hats and bump caps are designed to protect the head from falling objects, electrical hazards, and other impacts.
Hearing Protection: Earplugs and earmuffs are designed to protect workers from noise-induced hearing loss.
Protective Clothing: Protective clothing such as aprons, lab coats, and coveralls protect workers from exposure to chemicals, biological agents, and other hazards.
Overall, the selection of PPE depends on the specific hazards in the workplace, the task being performed, and the level of protection required. It is important for workers to use and maintain their PPE properly to ensure its effectiveness in protecting them from harm.
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5.One widespread effect of the mass media on presidential campaigns is that the mass media have
One widespread effect of the mass media on presidential campaigns is that it has shaped how campaigns are conducted and how candidates present themselves to the public.
The mass media, including television, newspapers, and social media, can reach a large audience quickly and can greatly influence public opinion. Presidential candidates use various forms of media to convey their messages, promote their agendas, and respond to criticism.
Additionally, media coverage can significantly impact a candidate's image and public perception, ultimately affecting their election chances. The media's role in presidential campaigns has also changed with the evolution of technology and the rise of social media platforms. The mass media plays a crucial role in shaping public opinion, influencing political discourse, and ultimately, determining the outcome of presidential elections.
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are verbal contracts valid? a. no. unless they are discharged through performance. b. yes. all verbal contracts are valid. c. no. all verbal contracts are void. d. yes. unless they violate the statute of frauds.
Yes, verbal contracts valid. Unless they violate the statute of frauds. Option D is the correct answer.
Legally speaking, verbal agreements can frequently be just as binding as written ones. Although they could be very challenging to regulate, you should take solace in the knowledge that there are relevant state and federal laws that can support the enforcement of such contracts and safeguard your legal rights. Even so, placing your agreement in paper is still the best approach to ensure that all parties are protected. Option D is the correct answer.
A sort of agreement involving two or more parties that is established orally rather than through a written document is known as a verbal contract. Regardless of whether an oral agreement comprises all of the components of a contract or not, there are situations when a physical written contract is required in order for the agreement to be enforceable. Option D is the correct answer.
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The exception to the Statute of Frauds, which allows an oral contract for the transfer of land to be enforced, if the buyer has either paid for the land or taken possession of the land is called the ________ exception.
a. Parol evidence
b. Equal dignity
c. Promissory estoppel
d. Part performance
e. Novation
The exception to the Statute of Frauds, which allows an oral contract for the transfer of land to be enforced, if the buyer has either paid for the land or taken possession of the land is called the Part performance exception. The correct option is d.
The part performance doctrine is a important rejection from the Statute of Frauds' application to agreements involving the sale of real estate. When an oral contract for the sale of land has been partially performed, the part performance exception applies.
Performance in part is When a person agrees to transfer any movable property for money in writing that is either signed by him or on his behalf and contains all the terms that must be agreed upon in order for the transfer to be valid. The correct option is d.
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why does pressure on the courts mean they cannot protect our liberties freely
Often when the courts experience pressure from outside sources, it can compromise their ability to protect our liberties freely.
Pressure from the government, other branches of government, public opinion, and other sources can force the courts to make decisions that are more politically or socially appealing than those that are based on laws and the Constitution.
This can lead to decisions that are either in line with the popular opinion of the day or those that are more palatable to the government, but that do not necessarily provide a secure foundation for the protection of our liberties.
This pressure can also lead to decisions that are more influenced by personal beliefs or interests than by an honest application of the law. When this happens, the courts are no longer able to protect our liberties with the objectivity and impartiality that they should.
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Explain why it is more important than ever to be able to independently research and comprehend news stories from multiple sources.
Answer:
Explanation:
In today's world, we are bombarded with news and information from various sources, and it can be challenging to distinguish between credible and fake news. Misinformation can spread rapidly, and without the ability to research and comprehend news stories from multiple sources, it can be challenging to form an accurate understanding of what is happening in the world. Being able to independently research news stories from multiple sources allows us to form informed opinions, make better decisions, and ultimately, become more responsible citizens. It also helps us to avoid falling prey to biased reporting and propaganda, which can be used to manipulate public opinion. With the rise of social media and other online platforms, it has become more critical than ever to be able to identify trustworthy sources and verify information before accepting it as fact. Therefore, being able to independently research and comprehend news stories from multiple sources is an essential skill that enables us to stay informed, make informed decisions, and participate meaningfully in society.
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how does the HRA mean that judges protect civil liberties
The Human Rights Act 1998 (HRA) was established to protect the rights of individuals against abuses of power by the state and other public authorities.
It outlines the fundamental rights and freedoms that everyone in the UK is entitled to, including the right to a fair trial, freedom of expression, and the right to private and family life. Judges play a key role in protecting civil liberties by ensuring that the rights outlined in the HRA are respected.
When a law appears to infringe on an individual’s fundamental rights, judges have the authority to interpret the law in order to protect those rights. In some cases, judges can even declare the law to be incompatible with the HRA and order the government to make changes. Ultimately, the HRA is a powerful tool for protecting civil liberties, and judges are a crucial part of making sure these rights are respected.
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What did the Citizens United case decide?Corporations enjoy the same First Amendment rights to free speech as individuals. The Bill of Rights applies to corporations. Corporations may vote. Corporations have a duty to protect their employees from discrimination.
The Citizens United case decided that corporations enjoy the same First Amendment rights to free speech as individuals.
The decision was made on January 21, 2010. In the context of the case, the ruling allowed corporations to engage in political spending without limits, as restricting their spending was considered a violation of their First Amendment rights to free speech.
This means that corporations can spend unlimited money on political campaigns to support or oppose candidates, as long as they do it independently and do not coordinate with the candidates directly. The decision was based on the principle that the Bill of Rights, particularly the First Amendment, applies to corporations as well as individuals. However, the case did not address whether or not corporations may vote or have a duty to protect their employees from discrimination.
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Communications about legal services General Rule
Under the general rule, communications about legal services must be truthful and not misleading. This means that lawyers cannot make false or unsubstantiated claims about their services or their experience.
They also cannot create an unjustified expectation about the outcome of a case. Additionally, lawyers must ensure that their communications do not create confusion or misunderstandings about their services or fees. They must also be mindful of the confidentiality of their clients and cannot reveal any information that would compromise their client's interests. In summary, communications about legal services must be honest, accurate, and clear, and must not violate any ethical rules or standards.
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1) Skinner: Explain the differences between positive reinforcer, negative reinforcer and punishment. Give examples.
In the context of Skinner's operant conditioning theory, positive reinforcer, negative reinforcer, and punishment are all forms of consequence that can affect the likelihood of a behaviour being repeated in the future.
Positive reinforcer refers to a consequence that increases the likelihood of a behaviour being repeated by adding a desirable stimulus. For example, suppose a student receives praise from their teacher for answering a question correctly. In that case, the positive reinforcement of the praise will likely increase the likelihood of the student answering questions correctly.
A negative reinforcer refers to a consequence that increases the likelihood of a behaviour being repeated by removing an unpleasant stimulus. For example, suppose a student wears a jacket to avoid feeling cold. In that case, the negative reinforcement of removing the unpleasant stimulus of feeling cold will likely increase the likelihood of the student putting on a jacket in the future.
On the other hand, punishment is a consequence that decreases the likelihood of a behaviour being repeated by adding an unpleasant stimulus or removing a desirable one. For example, if a parent scolds a child for hitting their sibling, the punishment is intended to decrease the likelihood of the child hitting their sibling.
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Joe is angry at his neighbor Fred for allowing his dog to dig up Joe's flowers. In retaliation, Joe sets fire to Fred's wooden storage shed, which is located in Fred's backyard. Joe has committed the crime of arson instead of merely criminal mischief because the storage shed:
Joe has committed the crime of arson because he intentionally set fire to Fred's wooden storage shed.
Arson is a criminal offense that involves the willful and malicious burning of someone else's property. The key element that distinguishes arson from other crimes, such as criminal mischief or vandalism, is the intent to destroy or damage the property by fire.
In this case, Joe's actions of setting fire to Fred's wooden storage shed were intentional and malicious, and they resulted in the destruction of Fred's property.
The fact that the storage shed was made of wood is also relevant, as burning wooden structures can cause fires to spread quickly and can put people and other property in danger. Therefore, Joe's actions meet the definition of arson, which is a serious criminal offense that can result in significant penalties, including imprisonment.
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fight a Diablo, and cut someone on the face
What are the exception to the general rule that lay witnesses may not offer opinion testimony?
The general rule is that lay witnesses may not offer opinion testimony, meaning they may not express their opinions or beliefs about the facts of the case.
However, there are some exceptions to this rule, including:
Lay witnesses opinion on the person's emotional state: A lay witness may offer an opinion as to the emotional state of another person, based on the witness's observations of that person's behavior, demeanor, and appearance.
Lay witness opinion on identity: A lay witness may also offer an opinion as to the identity of a person, object, or location, based on the witness's personal knowledge or familiarity with the subject matter.
Expert testimony by a lay witness: A lay witness may also offer expert testimony on a subject that falls within the witness's personal experience or expertise.
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Which behaviors are typical of a servant leader?a. Tries to resolve all employee problems and concerns regardless of what they might be b. Is willing to help out wherever needed c. Sets idealistic rather than practical goals d. Displays honest and ethical behavior
A servant leader is someone who puts their team before themselves and puts the team’s needs above their own. They focus on the success of the team rather than their own benefit.
Typical behaviors of a servant leader include attempting to resolve all employee problems and concerns regardless of the situation, being willing to help out wherever needed, setting idealistic goals, and displaying honest and ethical behavior.
This type of leader often works to create a supportive environment where employees feel respected and valued, and a sense of community is fostered.
They are also likely to be good listeners and offer constructive feedback and guidance. A servant leader puts the needs of their team first and works to ensure everyone is working towards the same goals.
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Defenses to a negligent act include:a. assumption of the riskb. comparative negligencec. assumption of the risk and comparative negligence d. existence of proximate causee. none of the other choices
Defenses to a negligent act include both assumptions of the risk and comparative negligence. The correct answer choice (c). These defenses focus on the plaintiff's actions and their contribution to their own injury.
Assumption of the risk is a defense used in negligence cases where the plaintiff voluntarily and knowingly assumed the risks associated with the activity that led to their injury. This means that the plaintiff was aware of the potential dangers and chose to engage in the activity anyway.
If the defendant can prove that the plaintiff assumed the risk, then the defendant may not be held liable for the plaintiff's injuries. Comparative negligence is another defense in negligence cases. It is based on the idea that the plaintiff may have contributed to their own injury by acting negligently.
In cases involving comparative negligence, the plaintiff's damages will be reduced by the percentage of their own negligence. For example, if the plaintiff is found to be 30% at fault for their injury, their damages would be reduced by 30%. This defense allows for a more equitable distribution of damages based on the parties' respective levels of fault.
In summary, the defenses to a negligent act include both assumption of the risk and comparative negligence. These defenses focus on the plaintiff's actions and their contribution to their own injury.
By successfully proving one or both of these defenses, the defendant can either avoid liability or have the plaintiff's damages reduced accordingly.
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how does judicial influence over policing sentencing policy means they're more assertive
Judicial influence over policing and sentencing policy means that judges have more power to shape how the law is applied in specific cases.
Judges are able to take a more assertive role in setting the standards of policing and sentencing, as they are the ones responsible for making decisions around these issues.
This makes them more directly involved in the criminal justice process, rather than relying solely on the police to decide how to proceed. By being more assertive in their decisions, judges can ensure that laws are applied fairly and justly.
This also gives them the power to set precedent for future cases, so that any similar situations will be handled in the same manner. This helps to ensure that laws are applied consistently, regardless of the circumstances or individuals involved.
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T/F A woman leaving the scene of a robbery may be described by a witness as elegantly dressed in black.
A woman leaving the scene of a robbery may be described by a witness as elegantly dressed in black True
The Daubert decision of the United States Supreme Court, handed down in 1993, clarified the standard for admitting expert testimony in federal court cases. The decision set forth a new standard, which is now known as the Daubert standard, which emphasizes the importance of scientific validity and reliability in determining whether expert testimony should be admitted as evidence.
While the Daubert decision applies only to federal courts, many state courts have also adopted the Daubert standard, making the use of the Frye standard unconstitutional in those states. The Frye standard, which was the previous standard for admitting expert testimony, emphasized general acceptance within the scientific community.
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T/F Testimony by an expert that a particular quantity of drugs was possessed for the purpose of distribution violates Rule 704.
Rule 704 is broken if an expert testimony that a certain amount of drugs was kept with the intention of distributing them. This statement is true.
Rule 704 of the Federal Rules of Evidence governs the admissibility of expert testimony regarding ultimate issues in a case. The rule states that "an opinion is not objectionable just because it embraces an ultimate issue." However, an expert may not provide an opinion on whether a defendant had a particular mental state or intent at the time of the alleged offense.
In drug cases, it is common for the prosecution to call a law enforcement officer or forensic expert to testify about the number of drugs possessed by the defendant and whether it was consistent with personal use or indicative of intent to distribute. However, if the expert testifies that the number of drugs in the defendant's possession was sufficient for distribution, this could be interpreted as an impermissible opinion on the defendant's intent or mental state.
To avoid violating Rule 704, an expert in a drug case should not explicitly state that the defendant possessed drugs for the purpose of distribution. Instead, they should limit their testimony to the physical characteristics of the drugs and the typical patterns of use and distribution associated with those drugs.
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T has term of years lease and vacates premises prior to end of term, stops paying rent. L sues for unpaid rent and T asserts defense of constructive eviction, claiming L failed to control excessive noise made by neighboring tenants. What result?
The defense of constructive eviction may excuse a tenant's obligation to pay rent if the landlord has breached a material obligation under the lease, rendering the premises uninhabitable.
In this case, T is asserting that L failed to control excessive noise made by neighboring tenants obligation , making the premises unlivable, and resulting in constructive eviction.
The success of this defense will depend on whether the noise was truly excessive and whether L had an obligation to control it under the constructive lease.
If the court finds that the noise was excessive and that L had an obligation to control it under the lease constructive, then T may be excused from paying rent for the remainder of the lease term.
However, if the court finds that the noise was not excessive or that L did not have an obligation to control it under the lease, then T will be liable for the unpaid rent.
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If Sam points a gun at Harry, a stranger, and says "Prepare to die," but then does nothing, the tort possibly committed is:
A) Assault
B) Battery
C) Negligence
D) Invasion of Privacy
Answer:
A) Assault
oR
Negligence
The additional Medicare tax on employees ______.
A) is calculated in the same manner regardless of marital status
B) applies to all wages, regardless of income level
C) is 0.9 percent of wages over a threshold amount
The additional Medicare tax on employees is a tax that applies to all wages, regardless of the employee's income level.
It is calculated in the same manner regardless of marital status and is 0.9 percent of wages over a threshold amount. The threshold amount is $200,000 for single filers, $250,000 for joint filers, and $125,000 for married taxpayers filing separately.
This tax is in addition to the regular Medicare tax, which is 2.9 percent of wages. The additional Medicare tax is withheld from employee paychecks and is paid to the IRS.
Employers are responsible for calculating and withholding the additional Medicare tax from their employees’ wages and depositing it to the IRS. It is important to note that the employer pays none of the additional Medicare tax. It is entirely the responsibility of the employee.
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The sine qua non rule is also known as the:a. but only rule b. not only rule c. but for rule d. but not rulee. none of the other choices
The sine qua non rule is also known as the "but for" rule. This rule is a legal test used to determine causation in tort law. So the correct answer is (c) but for rule.
It asks whether the harm would have occurred "but for" the defendant's actions. In other words, if the harm would not have occurred if the defendant had not acted, then the defendant's actions are considered to be the cause of the harm. The Sine qua non rule is a fundamental principle in tort law that helps to establish a causal link between the defendant's actions and the plaintiff's injuries or damages.
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In Lawler v. Montblanc North America, where Lawler, a store manager, was fired after telling her employer that she could not work more than 20 hours a week due to a medical condition, she sued for:a. libelb. emotional distress c. assaultd. battery e. slander
T devises property "to A for life, and on A's death to A's children for their lives, and upon the death of A and A's children, to ["B if A has no grandchildren then living"]." A and B survive T. A has one child, X, who also survives T.
What effects the vesting of this interest?
The effects of the vesting of the interest will be B's contingent remainder is void. B's remainder would vest if there is no living grandchild of A at the death of the longest-lived of A's children. The interest would remain contingent for the lives of all of A's children; only then would we know whether A has surviving grandchildren.
A can affect vesting by having more children, A's children can affect vesting by having more of A's grandchildren, and the presently-living grandchildren can affect vesting by surviving B. None of these qualify as validating lives. A's children can conceivably outlive A by more than 21 years, and so A cannot be the validating life. A's children who were living at T''s death are not validating lives. Since A is alive, A might have a child after T's death.
This child might live more than 21 years after the deaths of those of A's children who were living at the time of T's death. The death of the survivor of A's children could therefore conceivably occur more than 21 years after the death of those of A's children who were living at the time of the conveyance.
Hence A's presently-living children are not validating lives. Nor are A's currently-living grandchildren validating lives. They could all die, another grandchild might be born, and, by surviving B, that grandchild's interest could vest more than 21 years after the deaths of all of the currently-living grandchildren.
Nor is B. B could die and pass B's interest to heirs or devisees who have not been born yet, and whose interest could vest long after B's death. Nor is there anyone else in existence at the time of the conveyance about whom you can say that the interest is guaranteed to vest or fail within their lives or within 21 years of their death. The interest therefore does not satisfy the Rule Against Perpetuities, and must therefore be stricken.
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T/F An expert witness may not testify that X "could be" the cause of Y.
An expert witness may not testify that X "could be" the cause of Y. False
An expert witness may testify that X "could be" the cause of Y, as long as their testimony is based on a reasonable degree of scientific or professional certainty. However, the use of the phrase "could be" implies a level of uncertainty, which could be challenged by opposing counsel during cross-examination.
In general, expert witnesses are allowed to provide opinions and conclusions based on their expertise and specialized knowledge, as long as their opinions are based on reliable principles and methods. They are expected to provide testimony that is relevant, reliable, and helpful to the jury or judge in understanding the facts of the case. Ultimately, it is up to the trier of fact to evaluate the credibility and weight of the expert's testimony.
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There is no assault if:a. there is no mental harm b. there is no physical harm c. there is no fear of harmd. all of the other specific choicese. none of the other specific choices
There is no assault if there is no fear of harm. Option C
What is an assault?An assault is defined as an intentional act that causes a person to fear immediate harm or offensive contact Assault is a crime that can be committed even if there is no physical harm, mental harm, or fear of harm..
For example, if someone threatens to punch another person and raises their fist, that can be considered assault, even if no physical contact is made. The key element is the intent to cause fear or harm, not the actual occurrence of harm.
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