Consider pressurized water, engine oil (unused), and NaK (22%/78%) flowing in a 20-mm-diameter tube.

(a) Determine the mean velocity, the hydrodynamic entry length, and the thermal entry length for each of the fluids when the fluid temperature is 366 K and the flow rate is 0. 01 kg/s.

(b) Determine the mass flow rate, the hydrodynamic entry length, and the thermal entry length for water and engine oil at 300 and 400 K and a mean velocity of 0. 02 m/s

Answers

Answer 1

Answer:

To solve this problem, we need to use the Reynolds number, the Prandtl number, and the Darcy friction factor. The Reynolds number is a dimensionless number that describes the flow regime of the fluid, the Prandtl number characterizes the ratio of momentum diffusivity to thermal diffusivity, and the Darcy friction factor describes the frictional losses in the pipe.

(a)

For pressurized water at 366 K and a flow rate of 0.01 kg/s, we can calculate the mean velocity as follows:

v = m_dot / (rho * A), where

m_dot = 0.01 kg/s (mass flow rate)

rho = 997 kg/m^3 (density of water at 366 K)

A = pi * (0.02 m)^2 / 4 = 0.000314 m^2 (cross-sectional area of the tube)

v = 0.01 / (997 * 0.000314) = 3.18 m/s

The Reynolds number for water is:

Re = (rho * v * D) / mu, where

D = 0.02 m (diameter of the tube)

mu = 0.000283 Pa s (dynamic viscosity of water at 366 K)

Re = (997 * 3.18 * 0.02) / 0.000283 = 2.24e5

Using the Reynolds number, we can estimate the hydrodynamic entry length using the following equation:

L_hyd = 0.05 * Re * D

L_hyd = 0.05 * 2.24e5 * 0.02 = 224 m

For the thermal entry length, we use the following equation:

L_th = 0.05 * Re * Pr * D / Nu

where Pr is the Prandtl number and Nu is the Nusselt number. For water at 366 K, Pr = 5.5 and we can estimate Nu using the Dittus-Boelter correlation:

Nu = 0.023 * Re^(4/5) * Pr^(0.4)

Nu = 0.023 * (2.24e5)^(4/5) * 5.5^(0.4) = 244

L_th = 0.05 * 2.24e5 * 5.5 * 0.02 / 244 = 3.6 m

For engine oil (unused) at 366 K and a flow rate of 0.01 kg/s, we can calculate the mean velocity as follows:

v = m_dot / (rho * A), where

m_dot = 0.01 kg/s (mass flow rate)

rho = 890 kg/m^3 (density of engine oil at 366 K)

A = pi * (0.02 m)^2 / 4 = 0.000314 m^2 (cross-sectional area of the tube)

v = 0.01 / (890 * 0.000314) = 3.79 m/s

The Reynolds number for engine oil is:

Re = (rho * v * D) / mu, where

D = 0.02 m (diameter of the tube)

mu = 0.0003 Pa s (dynamic viscosity of engine oil at 366 K)

Re = (890 * 3.79 * 0.02) / 0.0003 = 4.72e5

Using the Reynolds number, we can estimate the hydrodynamic entry length using the following equation:

L_hyd = 0.05 * Re * D

L_hyd = 0.05 * 4.72e5 * 0.02 = 472 m

For the thermal entry length, we use the following equation:

L_th = 0.05 * Re * Pr * D / Nu

where Pr is the Prandtl number and Nu is the Nusselt number. For engine oil at 366 K, Pr = 130 and we can estimate Nu using the Dittus-Boelter correlation:

Nu = 0.023 * Re^(4/5) * Pr^(0.4)

Nu = 0.023 * (4.72e5)^(4/5) * 130^(0.4) = 2600

L_th = 0.05 * 4.72e5 * 130 * 0.02 / 2600 = 7.2 m

For NaK (22%/78%) at 366 K and a flow rate of 0.01 kg/s, we can calculate the mean velocity as follows:

v = m_dot / (rho * A), where

m_dot = 0.01 kg/s (mass flow rate)

rho = 1100 kg/m^3 (density of NaK at 366 K)

A = pi * (0.02 m)^2 / 4 = 0.000314 m^2 (cross-sectional area of the tube)

v = 0.01 / (1100 * 0.000314) = 2.87 m/s

The Reynolds number for NaK is:

Re = (rho * v * D) / mu, where

D = 0.02 m (diameter of the tube)

mu = 0.0018 Pa s (dynamic viscosity of NaK at 366 K)

Re = (1100 * 2.87 * 0.02) / 0.0018 = 3.48e5

Using the Reynolds number, we can estimate the hydrodynamic entry length using the following equation:

L_hyd = 0.05 * Re * D

L_hyd = 0.05 * 3.48e5 * 0.02 = 348 m

For the thermal entry length, we use the following equation:

L_th = 0.05 * Re * Pr * D / Nu

where Pr is the Prandtl number and Nu is the Nusselt number. For NaK at 366 K, Pr = 0.013 and we can estimate Nu using the Sieder-Tate correlation:

Nu = 0.027 * Re^(4/5) * Pr^(0.43)

Nu = 0.027 * (3.48e5)^(4/5) * 0.013^(0.43) = 67.3

L_th = 0.05 * 3.48e5 * 0.013 * 0.02 / 67.3 = 0.008 m

(b)

For water and engine oil, the mass flow rate is given as 0.01 kg/s, and the mean velocity is given as 0.02 m/s.

For water at 300 K:

rho = 996.6 kg/m^3 (density of water at 300 K)

mu = 0.000547 Pa s (dynamic viscosity of water at 300 K)

Pr = 7.02 (Prandtl number of water at 300 K)

Nu = 0.023 * Re^(4/5) * Pr^(0.4)

Re = (rho * v * D) / mu = (996.6 * 0.02 * 0.02) / 0.000547 = 1445

Nu = 0.023 * Re^(4/5) * Pr^(0.4) = 0.023 * (1445)^(4/5) * 7.02^(0.4) = 426.5

L_hyd = 0.05 * Re * D = 0.05 * 1445 * 0.02 = 14.45 m

L_th = 0.05 * Re * Pr * D / Nu = 0.05 * 1445 * 7.02 * 0.02 / 426.5 = 0.021 m

For water at 400 K:

rho = 958.4 kg/m^3 (density of water at 400 K)

mu = 0.000294 Pa s (dynamic viscosity of water at 400 K)

Pr = 4.41 (Prandtl number of water at 400 K)

Nu = 0.023 * Re^(4/5) * Pr^(0.4)

Explanation:


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----------------------------------
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```python
ind_gt_10k = homelessness[homelessness['individuals'] > 10000]
```

2. Next, view the printed result by using the print function.

```python
print(ind_gt_10k)
```

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```python
# Filter for rows where individuals is greater than 10000
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# See the result
print(ind_gt_10k)
```

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We have.,

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The ceilings of the open-web steel joist system can be completed in a variety of ways to suit the aesthetic and practical requirements of the building.

Plasterboard, acoustical tiling and metal panels are some examples of these materials.

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Given the following while loop, what is the value assigned to variable z for the given values of variables a, b and c?
mult = 0
while a < 10:
mult = b * a
if mult > c:
break
a = a + 1
z = a
1) a = 1, b = 1, c = 0

Answers

The value assigned to variable z for the given values of variables a=1, b=1, and c=0 is z=1.

Steps to find the value of z:

1. Initialize mult to 0.
2. Start the while loop (a = 1 and is less than 10).
3. Calculate mult as b * a (1 * 1 = 1).
4. Check if mult > c (1 > 0) - this condition is true.
5. Since the condition is true, the loop breaks.
6. Assign the current value of a (1) to z.

So, for the given values a = 1, b = 1, and c = 0, the value assigned to variable z is 1.

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What holds speed brakes in extended and retracted position

Answers

The spoiler panels, when they are extended in the air, act also as speed brakes which helps to increase the rate of descent of the aircraft

Controlled Deposition welding methods, in lieu of PWHT, is limited to?
A. P-1 materials
B. P-1 and P-3 Materials only
C. P-1, P3, and P4 materials only
D. P-5A materials

Answers

Controlled Deposition welding methods, in lieu of PWHT, are limited to P-1 and P-3 materials only, and not to P-4 or P-5A materials that are in Option B, as PWHT (Post Weld Heat Treatment) is a process that is used to reduce residual stresses in the weld and improve its mechanical properties.

Controlled deposition welding methods, also known as low heat input welding methods, can be used as an alternative to PWHT. Controlled-deposition welding methods involve using lower welding amps and slower travel speeds to reduce the heat input during welding. This helps to minimize distortion, reduce residual stresses, and improve the mechanical properties of the weld.

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In 2011, Intel introduced the Sandy Bridge version of the Core i7 that eventually had two desktop versions and a mobile version, all of which used other sockets.

Answers

In 2011, Intel released the Sandy Bridge version of the Core i7, which came in two desktop versions and a mobile version. These different versions used sockets that were specific to their device type. The desktop versions used the LGA 1155 socket, while the mobile version used a different socket, known as the BGA 1023 socket. The Sandy Bridge architecture brought significant improvements to performance and energy efficiency, making it a popular choice for many users. The use of different sockets allowed for greater flexibility in designing and building devices that could take advantage of these advancements.Sandy Bridge is the codename for Intel's 32 nm microarchitecture used in the second generation of the Intel Core processors (Core i7, i5, i3). The Sandy Bridge microarchitecture is the successor to Nehalem and Westmere microarchitecture. Intel demonstrated a Sandy Bridge processor in 2009, and released first products based on the architecture in January 2011 under the Core brand.

Explain about the sandy bridge?

Sandy Bridge is manufactured in the 32 nm process and has a soldered contact with the die and IHS (Integrated Heat Spreader), while Intel's subsequent generation Ivy Bridge uses a 22 nm die shrink and a TIM (Thermal Interface Material) between the die and the IHS.

Technology

Intel demonstrated a Sandy Bridge processor with A1 stepping at 2 GHz during the Intel Developer Forum in September 2009.

Upgraded features from Nehalem include:

CPU

Intel Turbo Boost 2.0

32 KB data + 32 KB instruction L1 cache and 256 KB L2 cache per core[8]

Shared L3 cache which includes the processor graphics (LGA 1155)

64-byte cache line size

New µOP cache, up to 1536-entry

Improved 3 integer ALU, 2 vector ALU and 2 AGU per core[9][10]

Two load/store operations per CPU cycle for each memory channel

Decoded micro-operation cache and enlarged, optimized branch predictor

Sandy Bridge retains the four branch predictors found in Nehalem: the branch target buffer (BTB), indirect branch target array, loop detector and renamed return stack buffer (RSB). Sandy Bridge has a single BTB that holds twice as many branch targets as the L1 and L2 BTBs in Nehalem.

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