Answer:deoxyribose
Explanation:
The deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of a typical mammalian cell contains about 3 × 109 nucleotides.
Nucleotides can be further broken down to phosphoric acid (H3PO4), a pentose sugar (a sugar with five carbon atoms), and a nitrogenous base (a base containing nitrogen atoms).
If the pentose sugar is ribose, the nucleotide is more specifically referred to as a ribonucleotide, and the resulting nucleic acid is ribonucleic acid (RNA). If the sugar is 2-deoxyribose, the nucleotide is a deoxyribonucleotide, and the nucleic acid is DNA.
When lipids leave the stomach, what stages of digestion have been accomplished? What enzymes are added to accomplish the next phase?
When lipids leave the stomach, some stages of digestion have already been accomplished. The stomach mixes and grinds food, and gastric lipase, an enzyme secreted by the stomach, begins breaking down some of the triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol.
However, the majority of lipid digestion occurs in the small intestine. Here, bile salts from the liver emulsify the large fat droplets into smaller droplets, increasing the surface area for lipase enzymes to break down the triglycerides into fatty acids and monoglycerides. The pancreatic lipase enzyme is secreted by the pancreas and is crucial for this process. Other enzymes such as phospholipase A2 and cholesterol esterase also aid in lipid digestion. The fatty acids and monoglycerides are then absorbed into the bloodstream through the intestinal wall
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A toxin exists that inhibits the enzyme succinate dehydrogenase. If this were used in an experiment to stop respiration, how many net NADH and ATP molecules would be generated from each pyruvate molecule during pyruvate oxidation and the citric acid cycle up to that stage?
The enzyme succinate dehydrogenase plays a crucial role in the electron transport chain, which is a process of cellular respiration that generates ATP. Inhibition of this enzyme would disrupt the flow of electrons and ultimately lead to a decrease in ATP production.
During pyruvate oxidation, each pyruvate molecule is converted into acetyl-CoA, which enters the citric acid cycle. In this cycle, acetyl-CoA combines with oxaloacetate to form citrate, which is then metabolized through a series of reactions to produce NADH, FADH2, and ATP.
Assuming succinate dehydrogenase is inhibited after the conversion of succinate to fumarate in the citric acid cycle, each pyruvate molecule would generate a net of 2 NADH and 2 ATP molecules. This is because each pyruvate molecule produces 1 NADH and 1 ATP molecule during pyruvate oxidation, and then 3 more NADH and 1 more ATP molecule during the citric acid cycle up to the point of succinate dehydrogenase inhibition.
However, it is important to note that this is a simplified calculation and in reality, the actual number of ATP molecules produced can vary depending on factors such as proton gradients and ATP synthase efficiency.
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what are the alpha and beta chains of an integrin important for?
Integrins are a family of cell surface receptors that play crucial roles in various biological processes. The alpha and beta chains are essential components of integrins, as they form a heterodimeric complex required for their function.
The primary function of the alpha and beta chains is to mediate cell adhesion, a process critical for cellular communication, migration, and organization. Cell adhesion enables cells to interact with other cells and the extracellular matrix (ECM). The alpha chain determines the specificity of the integrin for different ECM components, such as fibronectin, laminin, or collagen. The beta chain assists in maintaining the overall structure and function of the integrin receptor.Integrins also play a vital role in signal transduction, allowing cells to respond to changes in their environment. The alpha and beta chains transmit signals from the ECM to the cell's interior, known as "outside-in" signaling, and vice versa, known as "inside-out" signaling. These signals regulate essential cellular functions, such as proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis.Furthermore, the alpha and beta chains contribute to integrin activation, a process in which integrins switch from a low-affinity to a high-affinity state for their ligands. Integrin activation is tightly regulated and can be modulated by the binding of intracellular proteins to the cytoplasmic tails of the alpha and beta chains.In summary, the alpha and beta chains of integrins are crucial for cell adhesion, signal transduction, and integrin activation. These processes help maintain cellular communication, migration, and organization, all of which are essential for proper cell function and overall organism development.For more such question on receptors
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What is the smallest functional unit of the contractile apparatus in skeletal muscle?
The sarcomere is the fundamental unit of contraction in skeletal muscle, and its precise arrangement and organization are crucial for efficient muscle function.
The smallest functional unit of the contractile apparatus in skeletal muscle is the sarcomere. Sarcomeres are repeating units of organized myofilaments, which are the protein fibers responsible for muscle contraction. The myofilaments consist of thick filaments, composed of the protein myosin, and thin filaments, composed of the proteins actin, troponin, and tropomyosin.
The sarcomere is bordered by two Z discs, which anchor the thin filaments and serve as the boundary for the sarcomere. Within the sarcomere, the thin filaments extend inward from each Z disc and interdigitate with the thick filaments.
During muscle contraction, the myosin heads on the thick filaments bind to the actin on the thin filaments, causing the filaments to slide past each other and shorten the sarcomere. The contraction of millions of sarcomeres in a muscle fiber leads to the overall contraction of the muscle.
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Transverse (Cruciform) Ligament- this is the primary passive restraint of C1 displacement in the (sagittal/frontal/transverse) plane
The Transverse (Cruciform) Ligament is the primary passive restraint of C1 displacement in the transverse plane.
The transverse ligament is a thick, strong band of approximately 20mm in length which arches across the ring of the atlas and maintains the odontoid process in contact with the anterior arch. It is concave in front, convex behind and broader at the middle than at the ends. This ligament provides crucial stability to the atlas bone (C1) and prevents excessive rotational or lateral movement that could result in serious spinal cord injury. While there are other ligaments and muscles that also contribute to cervical spine stability, the Transverse Ligament is widely considered the most important for preventing catastrophic injury.
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The Transverse (Cruciform) Ligament is the primary passive restraint of C1 displacement in which plane?
Assessment of Cervical Muscle Function- what are the 4 tests that assess this?
There are four tests commonly used to assess cervical muscle function: the deep neck flexor endurance test, the craniocervical flexion test, the neck flexor muscle activation test, and the neck extensor muscle activation test.
The deep neck flexor endurance test assesses the endurance capacity of the deep cervical flexor muscles by measuring how long a person can maintain a specified head position, usually lying on their back with their head propped up.
The craniocervical flexion test evaluates the ability of the deep cervical flexor muscles to stabilize the head and neck during progressively more challenging head and neck movements.
The neck flexor muscle activation test evaluates the activation of the deep cervical flexor muscles by measuring the amount of pressure generated by a pressure biofeedback device placed under the neck while performing a chin tuck maneuver.
The neck extensor muscle activation test evaluates the activation of the neck extensor muscles by measuring the amount of pressure generated by a pressure biofeedback device placed under the back of the head while performing a head lift maneuver.
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What type of cockroach is referred to as a water bug?
Answer: The type of cockroach that is commonly referred to as a water bug is the Oriental cockroach. These roaches look different from your typical American or German cockroach with their black, shiny bodies. Because they frequent pipes and plumbing, they are commonly called a waterbug
What is the branch of medicine that studies bones?
The medical specialty of orthopedics, commonly referred to as orthopedic surgery, focuses on the treatment of the skeletal system and its connected components. These components consist of the following: bones.
A medical speciality called orthopedics deals with the care of bones and muscles. The area of medicine known as orthopedic surgery deals with musculoskeletal disorders, injuries, and diseases that affect the body's muscles and skeleton.
Orthopedics is a branch of medicine that specializes in identifying, treating, and preventing skeletal abnormalities, which include problems with the bones, joints, muscles, ligaments, tendons, nerves, and skin. Impingements: When a bone or tendon bumps into another, discomfort results. Sprains: When the ligaments holding the bones together are stretched, a sprain occurs.
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Predict what happens to those product molecules after they "drop off" their hydrogen ions and electrons.
Yes, it is right. The potential difference across two points shows the labor or energy expended in transferring a unit amount of electricity between one point to the other.
Electric potential is defined as the amount of labor required to transport a unit charge from an initial location to a specific point in the presence of an electric field1. The center of gravity is often Earth, but any location beyond the impact of the electric field discharge can be utilized.
Electric potential energy s a potential energy that is linked with an arrangement of a specific collection of point charges in a defined system as a result of conservative Coulomb forces.
Because of its placement in an electric field, a charged object has electric potential energy. If there is a charged object nearby, electric potential energy exists.
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There is evidence that anadromous migration - from ocean to headwaters of rivers - by fish such as Salmo salmon:
The evidence for anadromous migration in salmon is robust, and the ecological and economic importance of this behavior cannot be overstated.
Anadromous migration refers to the movement of fish from the ocean to freshwater habitats for spawning purposes. This behavior is commonly observed in various species of salmon, including the Salmo salmon, which undertake extensive journeys from the ocean to their natal streams to reproduce.
There is a wealth of evidence supporting anadromous migration in salmon. For example, researchers have documented the presence of salmon populations in both marine and freshwater habitats, as well as the timing and direction of their movements between these environments. Additionally, studies have revealed physical and physiological adaptations that facilitate salmon migration, such as the ability to navigate using magnetic fields and the capacity to tolerate changes in salinity levels.
Moreover, the ecological and economic significance of anadromous migration is well established. Salmon migrations are critical for maintaining biodiversity, as they transport marine-derived nutrients to freshwater ecosystems, which in turn support a range of terrestrial and aquatic organisms. Additionally, salmon fisheries are an important source of food and income for many communities around the world.
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Describe the connective tissue component and organization of a resting mammary gland
The mammary gland is a specialized glandular organ found in mammals, responsible for producing and secreting milk to nourish their offspring. It is composed of several types of tissues, including connective tissue, epithelial tissue, and adipose tissue.
In a resting mammary gland, the connective tissue component is primarily made up of collagen and elastic fibers, which provide support and structure to the gland. The connective tissue is arranged in a complex network of branching and interconnecting fibers, creating a three-dimensional scaffold that surrounds and supports the glandular tissue.
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The production of the genetically engineered "golden rice" could be important to the people of developing nations, especially in South-East Asia, because:
The production of genetically engineered "golden rice" could be important to the people of developing nations, especially in South-East Asia, because it is fortified with beta-carotene, which the body converts into vitamin A.
Vitamin A deficiency is a significant public health problem in many developing countries, particularly in South-East Asia, where millions of people suffer from malnutrition and blindness due to a lack of this essential nutrient in their diets.
Golden rice was created by adding two genes from the daffodil and one gene from a bacterium to the rice genome, allowing it to produce beta-carotene. By consuming golden rice, people could potentially increase their intake of vitamin A, which would help prevent blindness and other health problems associated with vitamin A deficiency.
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Where do the adductors of the hip attach
Answer:
The adductor part of the muscle inserts onto the gluteal tuberosity, linea aspera and medial supracondylar line of femur, while the hamstring part inserts onto the adductor tubercle of femur.
a cell expresses a transmembrane protein that is cleaved at the plasma membrane to release an extracellular fragment. the fragment binds to receptor proteins on nearby cells and activates signaling pathway resulting in altered gene expression patterns in the cells. what form of intercellular signaling does this represent?
This form of intercellular signaling is known as juxtacrine signaling. Juxtacrine signaling is a type of cell-to-cell communication where signaling molecules are directly transferred between neighboring cells through direct contact between the cells.
In this case, the transmembrane protein expressed by the cell is cleaved at the plasma membrane, and the resulting extracellular fragment binds to receptor proteins on nearby cells.
This direct contact between the cells allows for the transfer of signaling molecules, which then activate signaling pathways within the nearby cells, resulting in altered gene expression patterns. Juxtacrine signaling plays an important role in many biological processes, including tissue development and immune responses.
It is also a crucial component of cell signaling in cancer cells, where juxtacrine signaling between cancer cells and their surrounding microenvironment can promote tumor growth and metastasis.
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in green aliens, purple eyes (e) are dominant over yellow eyes (e). a heterozygous aliens breed. what is the chance of getting a purple eyed child?
If the green alien is heterozygous for eye color, that means it has one dominant purple eye allele (E) and one recessive yellow eye allele (e). When it breeds, there is a 50% chance that it will pass on the purple eye allele and a 50% chance it will pass on the yellow eye allele to its offspring. Therefore, the chance of getting a purple-eyed child is 50%.
In genetics, heterozygous means having inherited various forms (alleles) of a genomic marker from each biological parent. As a result, a person who is heterozygous for a genetic marker has two distinct forms of that marker. A person who is homozygous for a marker, on the other hand, has identical copies of that marker. Heterozygous. In diploid animals, each pair of chromosomes contains two alleles for each trait of genes, one from the father and one from the mother. An allele is one of two or more different variants of a gene that are located on the same chromosome at the same location, or locus. Heterozygous means having multiple alleles for the same trait. If the two versions are not the same, For that gene, you have a heterozygous genotype. The interaction of the two alleles influences which qualities are expressed.
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Why is homologous recombination better for the cell than nonhomologous end joining as a means for repairing a double stranded break?
To direct the repair process, HR needs the presence of an intact homologous DNA sequence, and it precisely replaces the damaged segment with the intact one.
But generally speaking, HR is thought to be a more effective DSB repair process than NHEJ. The primary explanation is that HR repairs the break using a homologous DNA template, which yields a more precise and error-free repair.
Cells repair double-stranded DNA breaks (DSBs) using two distinct mechanisms: homologous recombination (HR) and non-homologous end joining (NHEJ). This is crucial for dividing cells since mistakes in the repair process can result in mutations that cause cancer.
NHEJ, on the other hand, fixes the DSB by fusing the two broken ends of DNA together. Although this process doesn't need a homologous DNA template, it frequently causes minor insertions or deletions near the break site.
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The macromolecules that serve in the storage and transmission of genetic information are: A) carbohydrates. B) lipids. C) membranes. D) nucleic acids. E) proteins
Option D is correct. The macromolecules that serve in the storage and transmission of genetic information are nucleic acids.
A group of macromolecules known as nucleic acids are essential for the storage and transfer of genetic information. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid) are the two main subtypes of nucleic acids.
All living things have DNA in their chromosomes, which is the genetic material. It is made up of a lengthy chain of nucleotides, which make up nucleic acids.
A sugar molecule, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base make up each nucleotide. The genetic code utilized to encode the instructions for the growth and operation of all living things is determined by the arrangement of these bases.
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Name the organisms that have lungs (Look on SG)
Mammals are the most well-known group of animals with lungs. Mammalian lungs respiratory organs that are divided into smaller structures known as bronchioles.
Lungs are respiratory organs that exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide between an organism and its surroundings.
Lungs are used by organisms to breathe oxygen-rich air and expel carbon dioxide, which is a waste product of cellular respiration.
Birds, like mammals, have lungs, but their respiratory system is more complex. Lungs are also found in reptiles such as snakes, lizards, crocodiles, and turtles.
Thus, lungs are respiratory organs that allow organisms to breathe air and exchange gases with their environment.
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one trend in hominin evolution has been a. protruding cheekbones. b. flatter faces. c. larger incisors. d. flatter feet.
One trend in hominin evolution has been a. protruding cheekbones flatter faces.
What is hominin?Hominin is a term used to describe any species of primate that is closely related to modern humans. It is believed that the hominin lineage first evolved from an ancestor of the chimpanzees and bonobos millions of years ago. The hominin family includes a number of species, including Australopithecus, Homo erectus, Homo neanderthalensis, and Homo sapiens. Hominins are believed to have developed bipedalism, the ability to walk on two legs, and a larger brain, which allowed them to have more complex social structures and use of tools. Hominins are also believed to have developed language, as well as the ability to create and use tools and clothing.
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A trend in hominin evolution has been towards flatter faces which accommodated a larger brain. This change is evidenced in the transition from early hominins such as Australopithecus to later ones, including Homo habilis and Homo erectus. Changes in foot structure also occurred, favoring bipedalism.
Explanation:One prominent trend in hominin evolution has been the transition to flatter faces (option b). Early hominins such as the Australopithecus had a sloped forehead, larger teeth, and a prominent jaw. Over time, hominins such as Homo habilis and Homo erectus started showing evidence of smaller teeth and jaws and a decrease in prognathism (the projection of the jaw). This resulted in flatter faces, making more room for larger brains. For instance, brain sizes in Homo erectus increased over time from about 550cc to 1250cc. Hominin feet also became more humanlike with arches and ankles, guiding towards bipedalism. However, this doesn't necessarily mean they developed flatter feet—Homo floresiensis, for example, had flat feet but were not exactly like those of the modern humans.
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Reticular Tissue (Loose connective tissue)
Reticular tissue is a type of connective tissue or particularly loose connective tissue. These tissues provide structural and functional support mainly for the lymphatic organs, hence contributing to the overall functioning in the response to the immune system.
Functions of Reticular connective tissue
The reticular connective tissues are found in lymphatic organs such as lymph nodes, spleen, kidney, and bone marrow. These tissues consist of a network of reticular fibres that form a stroma or a three-dimensional framework that supports the other cells in the organ.
Reticular tissues have various important functions in the body which include filtering blood and lymph, trapping foreign particles and antigens, production of blood cells, supporting other cells, etc.
These also act as phagocytes.
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WAD: Occiput/Atlas/Axis Injuries- injuries to the ________ ______ and the ___ nerve root are closely related to injury or alteration of the A-O biomechanics and/or A-A joints
Occiput/Atlas/Axis Injuries- injuries to the upper neck and the C1 nerve root are closely related to injury or alteration of the A-O biomechanics and/or A-A joints.
The occiput, atlas (C1), and axis (C2) vertebrae form the upper cervical spine, which is responsible for supporting the weight of the head and allowing for movement of the head and neck. Injuries to this area can have serious consequences, including pain, numbness, tingling, and even paralysis. Alterations in the biomechanics of the A-O joint (between the occiput and atlas) or the A-A joint (between the atlas and axis) can cause a variety of problems, including misalignment, subluxation, and instability. These issues can result in nerve impingement, muscle tension, and other symptoms that can significantly impact a person's quality of life.
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In both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, the complete ribosome (both subunits together) has three special binding sites.
In both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, the complete ribosome, which consists of two subunits, has three special binding sites. The three special binding sites found in the complete ribosome (both subunits together) are the A site, P site, and E site.
What is the role of the Ribosome in translation?
The ribosome is an essential cellular structure responsible for protein synthesis. It is made up of a large subunit and a small subunit, which come together during translation. The three binding sites found in the ribosome are the A-site (aminoacyl-tRNA site), P-site (peptidyl-tRNA site), and E-site (exit site). These sites play crucial roles in the translation process, where mRNA is decoded into a protein. The endoplasmic reticulum, found in eukaryotes, is a membrane-bound organelle that aids in protein synthesis and folding, as ribosomes can be bound to its surface.
These sites are present in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes and are responsible for facilitating the translation process. In eukaryotes, ribosomes can be found free in the cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, while in prokaryotes, ribosomes are usually free-floating in the cytoplasm. The binding of ribosomes to the ER in eukaryotes is important for the synthesis and processing of proteins that are secreted or membrane-bound.
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Many oppose the idea that human behavior is heavily governed by genetics and biology, Biological theories of human behavior and
ability were misused in the past
Explanation:
so what is the question?
medulla oblongata has chemoreceptors that detect what? what does it do in response?
The medulla oblongata contains chemoreceptors that detect changes in the levels of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen ions (pH) in the blood. These chemoreceptors are called central chemoreceptors, and they are highly sensitive to changes in the levels of these gases and ions.
When the central chemoreceptors detect an increase in carbon dioxide levels or a decrease in oxygen levels or pH in the blood, they send signals to the respiratory center in the medulla oblongata. The respiratory center then stimulates the respiratory muscles to increase the rate and depth of breathing, leading to an increase in the amount of oxygen and a decrease in the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood.
This is an important mechanism to maintain the body's acid-base balance and ensure that the tissues receive adequate oxygen. It is also one of the key regulatory mechanisms for breathing, ensuring that oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the blood are maintained within a narrow, optimal range
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Servicewomen are required to take the PFA no later than how many months after being returned to full duty
Servicewomen are required to take the Physical Fitness Assessment (PFA) twice a year, every six months.
All military personnel, including women, are required to complete the Physical Fitness Assessment (PFA). The purpose of the test is to evaluate a service member's physical preparedness for military duty.
The PFA must be taken by servicewomen twice a year, every six months, and no later than six months after they have returned to full duty. A body composition analysis, a test of cardiovascular endurance, and a test of physical strength and endurance make up the PFA.
The physical strength and endurance test evaluates the strength and endurance of the upper and lower bodies. Servicewomen must adhere to minimal requirements for each component.
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the imidazole ring system; which contains two nitrogen atoms, found in the amino acid histidine. Which statement is true regarding the basicity of the (Wo ring nitrogen atoms? both are strongly basic since the ring iS aromtic neither of the nitrogen alOms would be considered basic ~H the nitrogen atom labeled (2) is more basic than ( 4) (D) the nitrogen atOm labeled IS mOre hsic than (2)
Histidine is an amino acid that has the imidazole ring structure, which has two nitrogen atoms. Because both nitrogen atoms in the two ring molecules are extremely basic due to the ring's aromatic nature, both claims regarding their basicity are correct.
All pH levels result in the aromaticity of the histidine's imidazole/imidazolium ring. The catalytic mechanism of many enzymes is affected by the acid-base characteristics of the imidazole side chain.
Histidine's imidazole side chain possesses a conjugate acid, which is the protonated version, with a pKa of roughly 6.0.
As a result, the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation states that the imidazole ring is primarily protonated below a pH of 6. Two NH bonds and a positive charge are present on the resultant imidazolium ring. Between the two nitrogens, the positive charge is spread equally.
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What is the action potential for AV node?
The action potential in the AV node is similar to that in other cardiac cells, but with some distinct differences. The AV node cells have a more gradual depolarization phase, and a longer action potential duration compared to other cardiac cells. This is due to the presence of fewer fast voltage-gated sodium channels and more slow voltage-gated calcium channels in the AV node cells.
The action potential in the AV node starts with a resting membrane potential of around -60 mV. When an electrical impulse from the SA node arrives at the AV node, it depolarizes the cell membrane and causes it to become more positive. This depolarization is mainly due to the influx of calcium ions through L-type calcium channels.
The depolarization reaches a threshold level at around -40 mV, triggering the opening of voltage-gated calcium channels and further influx of calcium ions. This influx of calcium ions causes a plateau phase in the action potential, which prolongs the duration of the action potential in the AV node.
Finally, repolarization occurs when calcium channels close, and potassium channels open, allowing potassium ions to move out of the cell. This movement of potassium ions restores the cell membrane potential to its resting state of -60 mV and prepares the cell for the next action potential.
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If progesterone testing is used as an indication of pregnancy, what sample is taken when? How do you process the blood? Where do you send it, and what is the lab fee (check AHDC link at web page)? (Do you remember how to bleed that llama?)
Progesterone and Blood sampling typically takes less than three minutes to complete. A tiny needle will be used by a medical practitioner to draw blood from a vein in your arm.
A tiny amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial once the needle has been placed. The needle may hurt somewhat when it enters or exits your body. The low neck jugular venipuncture position, where pulse is easily palpable as in the low neck venipuncture location, enables for the easy performance of arterial blood sample.
A test to determine the level of progesterone in the blood is called serum progesterone. A hormone called progesterone is mostly generated in the ovaries. During pregnancy, progesterone is important.
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Correct Question:
If progesterone testing is used as an indication of pregnancy, what sample is taken when? How do you process the blood?
which factor can producers acquire that consumers cannot obtain in the primary production of an ecosystem?]
In the primary production of an ecosystem, the factor that producers can acquire, which consumers cannot, is the ability to directly convert sunlight into energy through the process of photosynthesis. This allows producers to create organic matter and serve as the base of the food chain in the ecosystem.
Producers in an ecosystem can acquire certain factors, such as sunlight and nutrients, through primary production that consumers cannot obtain. This is because consumers rely on consuming other organisms to obtain these factors, while producers can directly convert sunlight and nutrients into energy through photosynthesis. Productivity in ecology refers to the pace at which energy is contributed to organisms' bodies as biomass. Simply said, biomass is the quantity of material held in a set of organisms' bodies. Any trophic level or other group's productivity can be defined, and it can be measured in either energy or biomass units. Producer abundance, biomass (dry weight), and pace of energy acquisition are all important. Thus, producers play a critical role in the ecosystem by providing the foundation for the food chain and supporting the survival of all other organisms within the ecosystem.
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the ventral primary rami of the spinal nerves innervates which muscles?
Answer:
The ventral primary rami of the spinal nerves innervate the skeletal muscles of the limbs, anterior and lateral trunk, and the muscles of the neck responsible for head movements.
Explanation:
