Determine the pH of a solution prepared by dissolving 0.35 mole of ammonium chloride in 1.0 L of 0.25 M aqueous ammonia. Kb for ammonia equals 1.77 x 10-5

A mixed inhibitor is a type of enzyme inhibitor that can bind to both the enzyme and the enzyme-substrate complex.

Depending on the specific mechanism of inhibition, a mixed inhibitor can either increase or decrease the maximum reaction rate (Vmax) of the enzyme-catalyzed reaction.

If the mixed inhibitor binds more strongly to the enzyme-substrate complex than to the free enzyme, then the inhibitor can cause a decrease in Vmax.

This is because the inhibitor will preferentially bind to the enzyme-substrate complex and prevent the complex from converting to the product. As a result, the rate of the reaction will be slowed down, and the Vmax will decrease.

On the other hand, if the mixed inhibitor binds more strongly to the free enzyme than to the enzyme-substrate complex, then the inhibitor can cause an increase in Vmax.

This is because the inhibitor will preferentially bind to the free enzyme and prevent it from binding to the substrate. As a result, the enzyme will have a higher probability of binding to the substrate when it is available, and the rate of the reaction will be increased.

In this case, the mixed inhibitor may also cause an increase in the Michaelis-Menten constant (Km) of the enzyme, which is a measure of the affinity of the enzyme for its substrate.

In summary, the impact of a mixed inhibitor on Vmax depends on the specific mechanism of inhibition and the relative affinities of the inhibitor for the free enzyme and the enzyme-substrate complex.

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Within the cell undergoing anaerobic metabolism of the glucose, fermentation occurs in the A) fluid portion of the cytoplasm. The correct option is A.

The fermentation of the lactic acid and the lactate fermentation is the  anaerobic process which will takes place in the cytoplasm in the cells. In the anaerobic process, then the enzyme will converts of the pyruvic acid produced in the glycolysis in the three-carbon molecule and this is called the lactic acid.

The most of the aerobic respiration that is with the oxygen and it takes place in the mitochondria cell, and the anaerobic respiration that is without the oxygen it will takes place with in the cytoplasm. The option A is correct.

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The calories of heat do you need if you want to raise the temperature of 330 g of gasoline from 18.0°C to 22.0°C is 528 calories.

The outmoded caloric theory of heat gave rise to the calorie, a unit of energy. Two primary meanings of "calorie" are frequently used due to historical factors. The amount of heat required to increase the temperature of one kilogramme of water by one degree Celsius (or one kelvin) was the original definition of the big calorie, food calorie, dietary calorie, or kilogramme calorie. The amount of heat required to produce the same rise in one gramme of water was known as the tiny calorie or gramme calorie. As a result, 1000 little calories are equal to 1 large calorie.

Heat is the energy that moves from one body to another when temperatures are different. Heat passes from the hotter to the colder body when two bodies with differing temperatures are brought together. Usually, but not always, this energy transfer results in a rise in the temperature of the colder body and a fall in the temperature of the hotter body.

Weight of gasoline = 330 g

Initial temperature = 18°C

Final temperature = 22°C

Heat = Mass x heat capacity x ΔT

= 3309 x [0.4/9] x 4

Heat = 528 calories.

1) 1 cal = 4.184 J

528 cal = 528 x 4.184 J

= 2209.15 J

2) 1 cal = 0.001 Kcal

528 cal = 528 x 0.001 k.cal

= 0.528 k.cal.

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The rank of the following according to the decreasing bond length is c) single bonds > b) double bonds > a) triple bonds.

The bond length is the distance between the nuclei of the two bonded atoms. Generally, the strength of a bond increases with the number of bonds, and thus the bond length decreases.

Therefore, the order of decreasing bond length is as follows:

c) single bonds > b) double bonds > a) triple bonds

This is because a single bond involves the sharing of one pair of electrons between two atoms, a double bond involves the sharing of two pairs of electrons, and a triple bond involves the sharing of three pairs of electrons.

As the number of shared electron pairs increases, the bond becomes stronger, and the bond length decreases.

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He+, F⁻¹, Al⁺², P⁻³, and Mg⁺² ions are likely to be formed, while the N⁺⁵ ion is not likely to be formed.

Ions are formed when an atom loses or gains electrons, resulting in a net electrical charge.

N⁺⁵ cannot be formed as nitrogen already has five valence electrons and it is difficult to gain or lose electrons to form an ion.

He+ can be formed by the loss of electrons from its only occupied orbital.

F⁻¹ can be formed by gaining one electron to achieve a full valence shell.

Al⁺² can be formed by losing two electrons from its three valence electrons, as it is energetically favorable to lose electrons.

P⁻³ can be formed by gaining three electrons to fill its valence shell, and Mg⁺² can be formed by losing two electrons from its two valence electrons.

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In each variant, the substitution that took place changed the side chain at the affected position in a specific way depending on the nature of the substituent.

For example, a substitution of a polar amino acid with a non-polar amino acid would result in a change from a hydrophilic to a hydrophobic side chain, while a substitution of an acidic amino acid with a basic amino acid would change the charge of the side chain from negative to positive.

Similarly, substitutions involving aromatic amino acids would lead to changes in the size and shape of the side chain, while substitutions involving sulfur-containing amino acids would affect the ability of the side chain to form disulfide bonds.

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External pressure is applied to a gas which forces the gas molecules together due to compression. Gas molecules collide more frequently with one another and the container walls and the pressure exerted by the gas molecules on the container increases.

When external pressure is applied to a gas, it forces the gas molecules closer together. This happens because the external pressure compresses the gas, reducing the volume it occupies. As the gas molecules get closer together, they collide more frequently with one another and with the walls of the container. This increased frequency of collisions leads to an increase in the pressure that the gas molecules exert on the container.

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When a symmetrical ether (R-O-R) reacts with 2 equivalents of HX (where X = halogen), the ether will undergo acid-catalyzed cleavage to form two alkyl halides and an alcohol.

The reaction mechanism involves protonation of the ether oxygen by HX, followed by nucleophilic attack by X- on one of the alkyl groups. This forms an alkyl halide and an oxonium ion intermediate. The oxonium ion is then deprotonated by a molecule of HX to form an alcohol and another alkyl halide. The overall reaction can be represented as:

R-O-R + 2HX → R-X + R'-X + H2O

where R and R' are alkyl groups and X is a halogen atom (such as Cl, Br, or I).

the reaction between an ether and hx is a type of nucleophilic substitution reaction, which involves the replacement of one functional group by another via the attack of a nucleophile (in this case, x-). the reaction is typically carried out under acidic conditions, which means that a proton source (such as hx) is present to catalyze the reaction.

it is worth noting that the reactivity of ethers towards hx is dependent on the nature of the alkyl groups present. in general, primary ethers (r-o-r') are more reactive than secondary ethers (r'-o-r'') due to the increased ease of cleavage of the c-o bond in primary ethers. tertiary ethers (r''-o-r''') are generally unreactive towards hx due to the steric hindrance around the ether oxygen.

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The pressure of a certain number of moles of hydrogen gas at a constant volume of 2 L is 92.5 kPa, assuming the temperature is also constant and equal to 557 K.

We need to know the temperature and the number of moles of hydrogen gas. Assuming the temperature is also constant, let's say the number of moles of hydrogen gas is 3 moles.

Using the ideal gas law, we get:

[tex]P = (nRT)/V \\P = (3 mol * R * T)/2 L[/tex]

Substitute the values:

697 mmHg = 92.5 kPa

P = (3 mol x 8.31 J/mol*K x T)/2 L = 92.5 kPa

Solving for T, we get:

T = (P x V)/(nR) = (92.5 kPa x 2 L)/(3 mol x 8.31 J/mol*K) = 557 K

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--The complete Question is, What is the pressure of a certain number of moles of hydrogen gas if the volume is held constant at 2 L? --

To convert the concentration of citrate ions (C6H5O7^-3) from milliequivalents per liter (mEq/L) to equivalents per liter (Eq/L), we divide the concentration by 1000, since 1 Eq = 1000 mEq.

The concentration of citrate ions in the solution is 0.175 Eq/L and 0.0583 M.

a) Convert mEq/L to Eq/L:
1 mEq is equivalent to 0.001 Eq, so to convert 175 mEq/L to Eq/L, simply multiply by 0.001.

175 mEq/L * 0.001 = 0.175 Eq/L

b) Calculate the molar concentration (M):
To convert Eq/L to moles per liter (M), divide the Eq/L by the charge of the ion. In this case, the citrate ion has a charge of -3.

0.175 Eq/L ÷ 3 = 0.0583 M

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A reducing sugar is any sugar that is capable of acting as a reducing agent.

Reducing sugars are those sugars that function as reducing agents. They either comprise a ketonic C = O or an aldehyde (- CHO). Except for sucrose, all monosaccharides and disaccharides—such as glucose, fructose, lactose, etc.—are reducing sugars. They weaken Tollen's reagent and Fehling solution. A sugar with free aldehyde or ketone functional groups in its molecular structure that acts as a reducing agent.

Reducing sugars are carbohydrates with a free carbonyl group that have the capacity to reduce solutions of different metallic ions.

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The weight of air has several important physiological effects on the human body, including influences on atmospheric pressure, breathing, blood circulation, gas solubility, and responses to barometric pressure changes.

The weight of air has several important physiological effects on the human body. These effects include:

1. Atmospheric pressure: The weight of air creates atmospheric pressure, which influences our body's gas exchange, such as oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide elimination in the lungs.

2. Breathing: The pressure difference between the atmosphere and our lungs aids in inhalation and exhalation, allowing us to breathe effectively.

3. Blood circulation: Atmospheric pressure affects blood circulation, as our blood vessels must work against this pressure to maintain proper blood flow.

4. Gas solubility: The weight of air impacts the solubility of gases in our blood, influencing how much oxygen can be transported throughout the body.

5. Barometric pressure changes: Sudden changes in barometric pressure can lead to discomfort or pain in the ears and sinuses, as well as conditions such as altitude sickness and decompression sickness in divers.

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Answer: False

Explanation:

false

TLC analysis of 2-bromooctane and 2-decene, the best solvent of choice depends on the polarity of the compounds. Water is a polar solvent, while ether is nonpolar.

If the compounds are polar, water would be the better solvent of choice. However, if the compounds are nonpolar, ether would be the better solvent of choice. Therefore, the choice of solvent for TLC analysis of 2-bromooctane and 2-decene would depend on the polarity of the compounds.

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The appropriate conversion factor is : b. 1mol C / 1mol CH₄.

A conversion factor is a number used to convert one unit of measurement to another. A mole is a unit of measurement used to express the amount of a substance in chemistry. It is defined as the amount of a substance that contains the same number of particles (such as atoms or molecules) as there are in 12 grams of carbon-12. The number of particles in one mole is known as Avogadro's number, which is approximately 6.022 x 10^23.

We need to change from moles of CH₄ to moles of C, and we are aware that each mole of CH₄ contains one mole of C. In order to convert the quantity of moles of CH₄ to moles of C, we can utilise the conversion factor of 1mol C / 1mol CH₄.

This conversion factor allows us to determine how many moles of carbon are contained in 1.75 moles of CH₄ as follows:

1.75 mol CH₄ * 1 mol C / 1 mol CH₄ = 1.75 mol C

Hence, 1.75 moles of C are included in 1.75 moles of CH₄.

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The major human health problem related to radon accumulation is lung cancer. Radon is a naturally occurring gas that can seep into homes and buildings through cracks in the foundation or other openings.

When people breathe in radon, it can damage the DNA in their lung cells and increase the risk of developing lung cancer. While radon exposure has been linked to other health problems such as heart disease, pancreatic cancer, cataracts, and malignant melanoma, lung cancer is by far the most significant and well-established risk associated with this gas.

It is important to test for radon in homes and take steps to mitigate any elevated levels to protect against this health threat.

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The amino acids that are converted to alpha-ketoglutarate are glutamate, proline, and arginine. Therefore, option C is the correct answer, which includes amino acids 2, 3, and 5.

Alpha-ketoglutarate is an intermediate molecule in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, also known as the Krebs cycle, which is responsible for the production of energy in the cell.

In the TCA cycle, alpha-ketoglutarate is converted to succinyl-CoA, which enters the electron transport chain to produce ATP.

Glutamate is an amino acid that can be directly converted to alpha-ketoglutarate through a process called transamination.

This conversion is an important step in the catabolism of amino acids and their use as a source of energy.

Proline is a non-essential amino acid that can be converted to glutamate through a process called the proline cycle.

In this cycle, proline is converted to pyrroline-5-carboxylate, which is then converted to glutamate, and ultimately to alpha-ketoglutarate.

Arginine is a semi-essential amino acid that can be converted to ornithine through the action of the enzyme arginase. Ornithine is then converted to glutamate, and ultimately to alpha-ketoglutarate.

In conclusion, glutamate, proline, and arginine are amino acids that can be converted to alpha-ketoglutarate, an important intermediate molecule in the TCA cycle.

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An important chemical compound with the molecular formula C₆H₆ which is composed of six carbon and six hydrogen atoms is known as benzene. It is an important hydrocarbon. It is a colourless liquid and has an aromatic odour.

Benzene reacts with bromine molecules in the presence of ferric bromide or aluminium chloride to form bromobenzene. Here aluminium chloride acts as the catalyst. Bromobenzene is the mono substituent compound of benzene.

Bromobenzene is a clear, colourless liquid with a pleasant odor. It is used as a solvent and motor oil additive.

The reaction can be shown as below:

C₆H₆ + Br₂ → C₆H₅Br

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There are approximately 1.09 x 10^25 sulfur atoms in 2.27 mol of S8 molecules.

To calculate the number of sulfur atoms in 2.27 mol of S8 molecules, you need to consider the molecular formula of S8, which indicates that there are 8 sulfur atoms in each molecule. The number of atoms in a given number of moles is determined using Avogadro's number, which is 6.022 x 10^23 atoms per mole.

First, multiply the given moles of S8 by the number of sulfur atoms in each S8 molecule:

2.27 mol S8 x 8 S atoms/S8 molecule = 18.16 mol S atoms

Next, multiply the moles of sulfur atoms by Avogadro's number to obtain the total number of sulfur atoms:

18.16 mol S atoms x 6.022 x 10^23 atoms/mol = 1.09 x 10^25 sulfur atoms

So, in 2.27 mol of S8 molecules, there are approximately 1.09 x 10^25 sulfur atoms.

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It is likely that we would smell ammonia before we smell ethanol in this scenario. The correct option is (NH3).

Ammonia (NH3) has a lower molecular weight (17 g/mol) and a higher vapor pressure than ethanol (C2H6O, 46 g/mol), which means it will evaporate more easily and diffuse faster through the air.

Additionally, ammonia is highly soluble in water, which means it will quickly dissolve in any moisture in the air and become more concentrated, making it more likely to reach our noses.

In general, the speed at which a substance diffuses through air and reaches our nose (and thus our olfactory receptors) depends on a variety of factors, such as the volatility (vapor pressure) of the substance, its molecular weight, and its solubility in air.

However, it's important to note that individual sensitivity to smells can vary, and factors such as the distance between the person and the source of the odor, the concentration of the substances in the air, and the individual's olfactory threshold can all play a role in determining which odor is detected first.

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The statement that best defines chemistry is (b) The science that studies the connections between the properties of matter and the particles that compose that matter.

Chemistry is a branch of science that deals with the study of matter, its properties, and the changes it undergoes. It focuses on understanding the behavior of atoms and molecules, and their interactions with each other to form new substances. The study of chemistry has practical applications in fields such as medicine, engineering, and materials science, among others.

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To calculate the molarity of a solution, you need to know the number of moles of solute and the volume of the solution in liters. Here are the steps to solve this problem:

Convert the volume from milliliters to liters:
123.5 ml = 0.1235 L

Next, we need to calculate the number of moles of CuSO₄ present in the solution using its molar mass:

molar mass of CuSO₄ = [tex]63.55 g/mol + 32.07 g/mol + 4(16.00 g/mol) = 159.61 g/mol[/tex]
moles of CuSO₄ = mass of CuSO₄/ molar mass of CuSO₄
moles of CuSO₄= [tex]12.257 g / 159.61 g/mol[/tex]
moles of CuSO₄= 0.0768 mol

Finally, we can calculate the molarity:

molarity = [tex]moles of solute / liters of solution[/tex]
molarity = [tex]0.0768 mol / 0.1235 L[/tex]
molarity = [tex]0.621 M[/tex]

Therefore, the molarity of the solution is 0.621 M.

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From the breakdown of each molecule of glucose during glycolysis and the Krebs cycle, the cell gains 4 ATP, 8 NADH, and 2 FADH2 molecules. These energy-rich molecules will be further utilized in the electron transport chain to produce more ATP.

From the beginning of glycolysis to the end of the Krebs cycle (excluding the ETC), the cell gains the following from the breakdown of each molecule of glucose:

1. ATP production: Glycolysis produces 2 ATP molecules, while the Krebs cycle generates another 2 ATP molecules. Therefore, the cell gains a total of 4 ATP molecules.

2. NADH production: Glycolysis generates 2 NADH molecules, while the Krebs cycle produces 6 NADH molecules per glucose molecule. Thus, the cell gains 8 NADH molecules.

3. FADH2 production: The Krebs cycle also produces 2 FADH2 molecules per glucose molecule.

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The balanced equation is:  C10H12 + 13 O2 → 10 H2O + 10 CO2

In order to balance the equation, we need to make sure that the number of atoms of each element is the same on both sides of the equation.

In this case, we have 10 carbon atoms and 12 hydrogen atoms on the left side, and we need to make sure that we have the same number on the right side. We also have 2 oxygen atoms on the left side, and we need to make sure that we have the same number on the right side.

1. Balance carbon (C) atoms:
C10H12 + O2 → H2O + 10CO2

2. Balance hydrogen (H) atoms:
C10H12 + O2 → 6H2O + 10CO2

3. Balance oxygen (O) atoms:
C10H12 + 15O2 → 6H2O + 10CO2

So, the balanced equation is:
1C10H12 + 15O2 → 6H2O + 10CO2

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Molality of a dilute aqueous solution at 25 degrees C is equal to the number of moles of solute per kilogram of solvent.

To determine the molality of a dilute aqueous solution at 25 degrees Celsius, you will need to know the amount of solute in moles and the mass of solvent in kilograms. Molality (symbolized as "m") is defined as the amount of solute (in moles) per kilogram of solvent. It is a measure of the concentration of a solute in a solution, independent of the temperature and pressure. To obtain it;

1. Obtain the amount of solute in moles. This can be done by dividing the mass of the solute by its molar mass (found on the periodic table).
2. Measure the mass of the solvent (water, in this case) in kilograms.
3. Calculate the molality by dividing the moles of solute by the mass of solvent in kilograms.

Molality = moles of solute/mass of solvent (kg)

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If there is a decrease in serum [HCO₃⁻], it is called metabolic acidosis.

The respiratory system can compensate for this by increasing the rate and depth of breathing, which leads to a decrease in arterial pCO₂. This decrease in pCO₂ shifts the bicarbonate buffer system equation to the right, favoring the formation of HCO₃⁻, which can help to counteract the metabolic acidosis.

However, this compensation is limited and can only partially correct the pH imbalance. Treatment of metabolic acidosis depends on the underlying cause, but may involve addressing any electrolyte imbalances, administering bicarbonate, or treating the underlying disease or condition that is causing the acidosis.

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The resulting pressure when the gases in containers A and B are mixed together is 2.74 atm from combined gases from both containers.

The resulting pressure when the gases in containers a and b are mixed together, we need to use the combined gas law. This law relates the pressure, volume, and temperature of a gas to its number of molecules.
The combined gas law is given by:
(P1 V1)/n1T1 = (P2 V2)/n2T2

where P1 and V1 are the pressure and volume of gas 1, n1 is the number of molecules of gas 1, and T1 is the temperature of gas 1. Similarly, P2, V2, n2, and T2 are the pressure, volume, number of molecules, and temperature of gas 2. Since we don't know the number of molecules or temperature of either gas, we can simplify the equation by assuming that both gases have the same temperature and number of molecules. Then the equation becomes:
P1V1 + P2V2 = Ptotal(V1+V2)
We can plug in the values given in the problem:
P1 = 2.50 atm
V1 = 737 ml
P2 = 4.20 atm
V2 = 169 ml
Ptotal = (2.50 x 737 + 4.20 x 169) / (737 + 169)
Ptotal = 2.74 atm

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The product triacylglycerol contains no stereogenic centers when glycerol reacts with 3 fatty acids. Therefore, the answer is (a) 0.

Glycerol is a three-carbon alcohol that forms the backbone of triacylglycerol. Each carbon atom in glycerol is bonded to a hydroxyl (-OH) group, which is not a chiral group, and a hydrogen atom. Since each carbon atom in glycerol has two identical groups bonded to it (an -OH group and a hydrogen atom), it does not have any stereogenic centers.

Fatty acids are long-chain hydrocarbons that consist of a carboxylic acid group (-COOH) at one end and a methyl group (-CH3) at the other end. Since all three fatty acids that react with glycerol to form triacylglycerol have the same structure, there are no chiral carbon atoms in the fatty acid chains.

When glycerol reacts with 3 fatty acids, each of the -OH groups on glycerol reacts with the -COOH group of a fatty acid to form an ester bond, resulting in the formation of triacylglycerol. Since glycerol and the three fatty acids are not chiral, there are no stereogenic centers in the product triacylglycerol.

In conclusion, the product triacylglycerol does not contain any stereogenic centers when glycerol reacts with 3 fatty acids. therefore the answer is (a) 0.

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The reaction of [tex]2.50 L B$_2$H$_6$[/tex] and [tex]5.65 L Cl$2$[/tex] at STP produces [tex]$-145.2\ kJ$[/tex] of energy, based on the balanced equation with [tex]\Delta H{rxn} = -1396\ kJ$.[/tex]

To calculate the energy that evolved during the reaction of 2.50 L [tex]B$_2$H$_6$ and 5.65 L Cl$_2$[/tex], we need to first determine the number of moles of each gas.

Using the ideal gas law, we can calculate the number of moles of [tex]B$_2$H$_6$ and Cl$_2$[/tex]at STP (Standard Temperature and Pressure):

[tex]$PV = nRT$[/tex]

[tex]V =$ 2.50 L B$_2$H$_6$[/tex] at STP

[tex]T =$ 273 K[/tex]

[tex]R =$ 0.0821 L atm/(mol K)[/tex]

[tex]P =$ 1 atm at STP[/tex]

[tex]$n_{B_2H_6} = \frac{PV}{RT} = \frac{(1 atm)(2.50 L)}{(0.0821 L\ atm\ mol^{-1}\ K^{-1})(273 K)} = 0.104\ mol\ B_2H_6$[/tex]

Similarly, for[tex]Cl$_2$[/tex], we have:

[tex]V =$ 5.65 L Cl$_2$[/tex] at STP

[tex]$n_{Cl_2} = \frac{PV}{RT} = \frac{(1 atm)(5.65 L)}{(0.0821 L\ atm\ mol^{-1}\ K^{-1})(273 K)} = 0.252\ mol\ Cl_2$[/tex]

Since the reaction equation shows that 6 moles of [tex]Cl$_2$[/tex] react with 1 mole of [tex]B$_2$H$_6$[/tex], we have an excess of [tex]Cl$_2$[/tex] in this case, and we can assume that all the [tex]B$_2$H$_6$[/tex] is consumed during the reaction.

Therefore, the amount of energy evolved during the reaction of 0.104 mol[tex]B$_2$H$_6$[/tex] and 0.252 mol [tex]Cl$_2$[/tex] is given by:

[tex]$\Delta H_{rxn} = -1396\ kJ/mol$[/tex]

Multiplying this by the number of moles of [tex]B$_2$H$_6$[/tex] gives:

[tex]$\Delta H = \Delta H_{rxn} \times n_{B_2H_6} = -1396\ kJ/mol \times 0.104\ mol = \boxed{-145.2\ kJ}$[/tex] of energy evolved during the reaction.

The negative sign indicates that the reaction is exothermic, meaning that it releases energy.

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The rotational limitation of pi bonds is a fundamental concept in organic chemistry that relates to the double bond present in many biological molecules, including proteins.

In proteins, the peptide bond between two amino acids contains a double bond, which is similar to a pi bond in organic chemistry.

The rotation of this double bond is limited due to the presence of the neighboring atoms in the peptide bond.

This limited rotation is critical for maintaining the three-dimensional structure of proteins, as it allows for the formation of specific secondary structures such as alpha helices and beta sheets.

The specific three-dimensional structure of proteins is crucial for their function, as it determines the way in which proteins interact with other molecules in the body.

For example, enzymes require specific three-dimensional structures to function properly and catalyze biochemical reactions.

Therefore, the concept of rotational limitation of pi bonds is relevant to the study of proteins, as it plays a crucial role in determining their structure and function.

Understanding the rotational limitation of pi bonds can help us better understand the behavior of proteins and other biological molecules, and can aid in the design of drugs and other therapeutics that target specific proteins in the body.

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