Answer: how does volcanic eruption damage property? differing value systems and changes in land use.
Explanation: Property damage from volcanic eruptions is difficult to estimate, because of differing value systems and changes in land use. One study estimates an average of $1 billion per year in property damage worldwide from volcanic eruptions. As with casualties, a few eruptions cause staggering damage, while most are much less destructive.
which of the following is incorrectly matched?a.weathering - exogenic breaking and dissolving the crustb.radioactive decay heat - exogenic energy sourcec.exogenic - external processesd.endogenic - internal processes
The following option is incorrectly matched: radioactive decay heat - exogenic energy source. Therefore the correct option is option B.
Radioactive decay heat is an endogenic, not an exogenic, energy source. Internal activities that begin within the Earth, such as volcanic activity, earthquakes, and tectonic plate movements, are examples of endogenic processes.
The decay of radioactive isotopes inside the Earth's mantle and crust produces radioactive decay heat, which is a substantial source of energy driving endogenic processes.
Weathering, erosion, and sedimentation, on the other hand, are exogenic processes that occur at or near the Earth's surface. Therefore the correct option is option B.
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Albedo is the ______.A. radiation emitted from the Earth at a particular location.B. redirection of visible light due to particles in the atmosphere.C. reflectivity of a surface.D. intensity of a wavelength.
Albedo is the measure of the reflectivity of a surface, specifically the percentage of incoming solar radiation that is reflected back into space. Option C.
A high albedo means that a surface reflects a larger portion of the incoming radiation, while a low albedo means that a surface absorbs more radiation.
This can have significant effects on the Earth's climate and temperature, as surfaces with high albedo, such as ice and snow, reflect more radiation back into space, helping to cool the planet. In contrast, surfaces with low albedo, such as dark forests and oceans, absorb more radiation, contributing to warming.
The albedo of a surface can be affected by a number of factors, including the presence of clouds, particles in the atmosphere, and changes in land use. Overall, albedo is an important factor to consider in understanding and predicting climate change.
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1. how have we identified the different layers of the atmosphere? a. thermal characteristics (temperature changes) b. chemical composition c. movement d. density e. all of these answers 2. what do we call the boundaries where the greatest changes from one layer to the next occur? a. boundaries b. layers c. pauses d. dividers 3. which layer is considered to be the upper atmosphere? a. troposphere b. stratosphere c. mesosphere d. thermosphere 4. what causes the warming observed in the thermosphere? a. incoming high energy ultraviolet and x-ray radiation being absorbed by the molecules in this layer b. heat from all of the radiation released by all of the stars in space, except for the sun c. heat is produced as ozone is formed in this layer d. heat is released from the surface of the earth as infrared radiation
1. We have identified the different layers of the atmosphere using a combination of factors, including thermal characteristics, chemical composition, movement, and density.The correct option is e. all of these answers.
2. The boundaries where the greatest changes from one layer to the next occur are called "pauses." The correct option is c. pauses.
3. The upper atmosphere is considered to be the thermosphere. The correct option is d. thermosphere.
4. The warming observed in the thermosphere is primarily caused by incoming high-energy ultraviolet and x-ray radiation being absorbed by the molecules in this layer.The correct option is a.
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in terms of preferred source water, surface waters are highest quality and require less treatment, and as such are preferred over groundwater. true false
Water that is found underground in saturated regions beneath the surface of the earth is known as groundwater. The water table is the term for the saturated zone's upper surface. Contrary to popular perception, underground rivers are not created by groundwater.
Water that is found in soil, rock, and rock formation fissures below the surface of the Earth is known as groundwater. Groundwater makes up around 30% of all the freshwater that is readily available worldwide. When it can produce a sufficient amount of water, a unit of rock or an unconsolidated deposit is referred to be an aquifer.
The term "groundwater" refers to precipitation that has seeped into the soil below the surface and accumulated in voids underground. Aquifers can be divided into two categories: confined and unconfined.
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how do the distances between the terrestrial planets compare to the distance between the gas giants
Answer:The distances between the terrestrial planets (Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars) are much smaller than the distances between the gas giants (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune).
The average distance between the terrestrial planets is relatively small, ranging from about 36 million miles (58 million kilometers) between Venus and Earth to about 142 million miles (228 million kilometers) between Mars and Jupiter (where the asteroid belt is located). In contrast, the average distance between the gas giants ranges from about 365 million miles (590 million kilometers) between Jupiter and Saturn to about 1.8 billion miles (2.9 billion kilometers) between Neptune and Pluto (which is now classified as a dwarf planet).
Therefore, the distances between the terrestrial planets are much smaller than the distances between the gas giants.
Explanation:
explain what the phrase " the laws of nature and natures god" was included in the declaration of indpendence
Answer:
reason and divine revelation supported the natural law that shaped a good government built upon the understanding of human nature and the rights given to humans by God.
Explanation:
_________ of seismic waves remains _______________ as they travel through rocks with ____________ (low) density at shallow depth
The speed of seismic waves remains relatively slower as they travel through rocks with low density at shallow depth.
When seismic waves encounter rocks with low density, their speed decreases due to the reduced resistance provided by these less dense materials. This is because the waves have less energy and require less force to move through less dense materials.
As a result, the waves travel more slowly through low-density rocks at shallow depths. This phenomenon can affect the accuracy of seismic wave measurements and must be accounted for when interpreting data from seismic surveys.
Understanding the relationship between seismic wave speed, rock density, and depth is essential for accurately modeling the Earth's interior and predicting seismic activity.
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TRUE OR FALSE66) Slovenia is a good example of a nation-state.
FALSE. Slovenia is not a good example of a nation-state.
While Slovenia may be considered a relatively homogenous nation, it is not a perfect example of a nation-state.
A nation-state is a sovereign state that is primarily made up of one single nation, meaning that the majority of its citizens share a common cultural and historical background.
Additionally, Slovenia has experienced significant immigration in recent years, further complicating its status as a nation-state.
Furthermore, nation-states are often seen as having a strong sense of national identity & unity, but Slovenia has a complex history that has led to tensions b/w different regions and cultural groups within the country.
Therefore, while Slovenia may share some characteristics with a nation-state, it cannot be considered a perfect example of one.
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What process of magma generation is most likely responsible for the ancient lava flows seen on the Moon's surface?
Answer:
The ancient lava flows seen on the Moon's surface are most likely a result of partial melting of the Moon's mantle caused by a combination of radioactive decay and residual heat left over from the Moon's formation. This process of magma generation is known as "partial melting" or "melting by decompression." As the mantle rocks slowly rise and undergo a reduction in pressure, some of the minerals in the rocks begin to melt and form magma, which then rises to the surface and solidifies to form lava flows.
Explanation:
the sinking of land caused by groundwater overdraft is called . a) a saturated zone b) thermohaline circulation c) subsidence d) water intoxication e) gyre
The sinking of land caused by groundwater overdraft is called subsidence. It is also referred to as Land subsidence. The overdraft may result from mining, or geographical shrinkage of the Earth's surface.
Overdraft happens when the average annual extraction of water volume exceeds that of the average annual supply of groundwater to the persistent groundwater table. Naturally, overdraft results in groundwater table depletion, loss of essential minerals, and land subsidence. Overdraft, and subsidence add to soil quality depletion as well.
Therefore, based on the aforesaid statements, it can be pointed out that Option (c) Subsidence is the correct option to the given question. It is related to the Earth's sub-surface movements.
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the physical removal and transport of material by mobile agent such as wind, water, or ice is called: group of answer choices mass wasting erosion weathering
The physical removal and transport of material by mobile agents such as wind, water, or ice is called erosion.
Erosion is a natural process that occurs when wind, water, or ice wears away the surface of the earth's crust and carries the material to other locations.
The agents of erosion act as mobile forces, transporting the material away from its original location and depositing it elsewhere.
For example, water erosion can occur when rivers and streams carry sediment downstream, gradually wearing away the rocks and soil along their path.
Wind erosion can occur when strong winds carry sand and dust particles from one location to another.
Ice erosion can occur when glaciers carve out valleys and move rocks and soil across the landscape. Erosion is an important process that shapes the earth's surface and creates unique landscapes over time.
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True or False: The solar elevation at the Tropic of Capricorn on the spring and fall equinoxes will be the same.A. TrueB. False
The statement "The solar elevation at the Tropic of Capricorn on the spring and fall equinoxes will be the same" is false.
The Tropic of Capricorn is located at 23.5 degrees south of the equator and is the southernmost point where the sun can be directly overhead. During the spring equinox, the sun is directly over the equator, and as a result, the Tropic of Capricorn experiences a solar elevation of zero degrees.
However, during the fall equinox, the sun is directly over the Tropic of Capricorn, which means that the solar elevation at this location is at its maximum.
Therefore, the solar elevation at the Tropic of Capricorn on the spring and fall equinoxes is not the same. It is important to note that the solar elevation at any location changes throughout the year as the Earth revolves around the sun and the tilt of its axis changes.
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TRUE OR FALSE68) Physical boundaries are more natural than cultural boundaries.
False. Physical boundaries are not more natural than cultural boundaries.
Physical boundaries, such as mountains or rivers, may exist naturally in the environment, but cultural boundaries, such as language or religion, are created by humans.
While physical boundaries can play a role in separating people, cultural boundaries often have a greater impact on how individuals and groups interact with one another.
Cultural boundaries can lead to the formation of distinct communities and the development of unique cultural practices.
It is important to recognize the role that both physical and cultural boundaries play in shaping our world and our interactions with one another.
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after several days of steady rain, the sediment becomes saturated with water and its strength is reduced by 25%. what are the likely implications for
After several days of steady rain, the sediment becomes saturated with water and its strength is reduced by 25%. implications are saturation can lead to landslides, soil erosion, flooding, compaction, and reduced soil aeration, all of which have potential negative impacts on the environment, infrastructure, and agriculture.
1. Increased risk of landslides: As the sediment strength decreases, the slope stability is compromised, making it more prone to landslides and soil movement, especially in hilly or mountainous areas.
2. Soil erosion: The weakened soil structure makes it more susceptible to erosion by water, leading to loss of fertile topsoil and potential damage to vegetation and agricultural land.
3. Flooding: Saturated sediments cannot absorb any more water, leading to excess surface runoff and potential flash floods in low-lying areas.
4. Compaction and subsidence: The increased water content in the sediment may cause soil compaction and subsidence, affecting building foundations and infrastructure.
5. Reduced soil aeration: Saturated soils can lead to reduced soil aeration, which impacts the availability of oxygen for plant roots and microbial activity, thus affecting overall soil health and plant growth.
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how do waves erode material from the shoreline? multiple select question. wearing away of bedrock with the crashing and grinding of water and sediment smashing together loose pieces of rock and making large, angular rocks become smaller, rounded ones breaking directly on a rocky coast and swirling away loose pieces of bedrock by being strongest in bays, where more sediment is available for transportation
Waves are powerful forces that constantly shape the shoreline. They can erode material in a few different ways. Firstly, the constant crashing of waves against the shoreline can wear away bedrock over time.
The impact of the water and sediment particles smashing together can slowly grind down the rock until it becomes smooth and rounded.
Secondly, waves can break directly onto a rocky coast and swirl away loose pieces of bedrock. This can create large gaps and caves in the rock formation.
Finally, waves are often strongest in bays, where there is more sediment available for transportation. This sediment can be carried away by the waves, slowly eroding the shoreline over time. In all of these cases, waves are using their force to remove material from the shoreline and shape it into new formations.
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What happens when a house is on uncompacted loose sediment during an earthquake?
Areas where the buildings are built on top of a deep layer of loose sediments are widely recognized as being more prone to earthquake damage... Yes.
To be clear, this is not the same the same thing as saying that loose soils actually "amplify" seismic waves. If anything, both P waves and S waves are attenuated by unconsolidated materials.
What are the possible advantages of indirect extrusion, compared to direct extrusion? Explain.
Indirect extrusion is a process in which the billet is held stationary while the die moves towards it. This is in contrast to direct extrusion, where the billet is pushed through the die by a ram. There are several possible advantages to indirect extrusion:
Better surface finish: Because the billet is held stationary during the extrusion process, there is less friction between the billet and the walls of the container. This can result in a smoother surface finish on the extruded product.
Increased strength: Indirect extrusion can lead to a more uniform grain structure in the extruded product, which can improve its strength and durability.
More complex shapes: Indirect extrusion can be used to produce more complex shapes than direct extrusion. This is because the die can move in different directions, allowing for more intricate shapes to be extruded.
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TRUE OR FALSE 91) A frontier is a land area whereas a boundary is a political invention.
TRUE. A frontier is a land area whereas a boundary is a political invention.
A frontier refers to an area of land that is unexplored or has not been incorporated into a political entity, whereas a boundary is a political invention that demarcates the limits of a political entity.
Frontiers are often characterized by a lack of established governance structures, and they can be highly contested, with various groups vying for control or influence over the area.
Boundaries, on the other hand, are the result of political negotiations and agreements between different entities, and they are typically established through legal and diplomatic processes.
While boundaries may have physical markers, such as walls or fences, they are fundamentally social constructs that reflect the agreements and relationships between different political actors.
Thus, while frontiers and boundaries can be closely connected, they are fundamentally distinct concepts with different social and political implications.
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which condition would be expected to slow the rate of movement of water through the global water cycle? increased diversion of surface freshwater into groundwater reservoirs reduced winds reduced precipitation over oceans increased solar radiation
Reduced precipitation over oceans, condition would be expected to slow the rate of movement of water through the global water cycle. Thus, option (c) is correct.
Which both go through the impact that variations in precipitation can have on the water cycle. Significant effects on the global water cycle may result from decreased precipitation over oceans.
Particularly, less water entering the cycle would result from less precipitation over oceans, which would slow the water's flow through the cycle.
Therefore, option (c) is correct.
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eoliberal TINA-touts or with alter-globalization activists?
Export led development
It is Neoliberal globalization with TINA-touts. According to the export-led growth hypothesis (ELGH), increasing exports is one of the key factors influencing growth.
According to this theory, governments can achieve overall growth by boosting exports as well as labor and capital inputs into the economy. Growing export sales bring in money and profits for enterprises, and through the acceleration effect, this can lead to a rise in capital expenditures.
Increased investment boosts a nation's capacity for production, which in turn boosts export potential. When effective exports of products and services from one nation to another occur, a sizable portion of the growth in real GDP, employment, and per capita income results.
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Earth is farthest from the Sun in July and closest to the Sun in January. During which Northern Hemisphere season is Earth moving fastest in its orbit?
-Spring
-Summer
-Fall
-Winter
During Winter, Northern Hemisphere season is Earth moving fastest in its orbit.
Since the Northern Hemisphere faces the Sun, May, June, and July are the months when it receives the greatest direct sunshine. In November, December, and January, the same is true for the Southern Hemisphere. Because of the Earth's axial tilt, the Sun appears higher in the sky during the summer, which raises the solar flux. Thus, spring begins on March 1, summer on June 1, autumn on September 1, and winter on December 1 for temperate regions in the northern hemisphere.
The hottest months in the Southern Hemisphere are December, January, and February, whereas June, July, and August are the warmest months in the Northern Hemisphere due to a seasonal lag. In the temperate zone of the southern hemisphere, spring starts on September 1, summer on December 1, autumn on March 1, and winter on June 1.
Therefore, Option D is the correct answer.
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Identify the two phase changes processes that play key roles in the vertical latent heat flux through the atmosphere: _____ and _____.A. freezing; meltingB. evaporation; depositionC. evaporation; condensationD. melting; evaporationE. freezing; evaporation
The two phase change processes that play key roles in the vertical latent heat flux through the atmosphere are evaporation and condensation. Option C.
Evaporation is the process of transforming liquid water into water vapor, which is a gas. This phase change process requires heat energy to break the bonds between the water molecules, allowing them to escape into the air.
Condensation, on the other hand, is the opposite process, where water vapor is transformed into liquid water. This phase change process releases heat energy as the water molecules come together and form liquid droplets.
Both of these processes are important for the vertical transport of heat and moisture in the atmosphere, as they involve the exchange of energy between the atmosphere and the surface, as well as between different layers of the atmosphere.
The latent heat released or absorbed during these phase changes can have a significant impact on weather patterns and climate.
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which of the following control the milankovitch cycles that influence global climate? multiple select question. precession (the wobble of earth's rotational axis) eccentricity (the varying shape of earth's orbit) varying gas compositions in earth's atmosphere varying tilt angles of earth changes in the speed of revolution of earth
The Milankovitch cycles are a set of periodic changes in Earth's climate that are caused by variations in its orbit around the sun. There are several factors that influence these cycles, including precession, eccentricity, varying gas compositions in Earth's atmosphere, varying tilt angles of Earth, and changes in the speed of revolution of Earth.
Precession refers to the wobbling motion of Earth's rotational axis, which affects the timing of the seasons. Eccentricity describes the varying shape of Earth's orbit around the sun, which affects the amount of solar radiation received at different times of the year.
Varying gas compositions in Earth's atmosphere, such as greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, can affect the amount of heat trapped in the atmosphere. Varying tilt angles of Earth also play a role in the Milankovitch cycles, affecting the distribution of solar radiation across the planet.
Finally, changes in the speed of revolution of Earth can impact the timing and intensity of the Milankovitch cycles.
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The deepest part of the ocean is theabyssal zoneeuphotic zoneestuary zonebathyal zonebenthic zone
The deepest part of the ocean is the abyssal zone.
An area of the pelagic zone of the ocean is known as the abyssal zone or abyssopelagic zone. This zone is always in the dark around 4,000–6,000 meters below the surface. 60% of the surface of the Earth and 83% of the ocean are covered by it.
Through a substantial portion of its bulk, the abyssal zone exhibits temperatures of about 2-3 °C. There are no plants creating oxygen since there is no light, thus the majority of the oxygen we breathe comes from ice that has long since melted from the polar regions. For species unable to swiftly re-enter the oxygen-enriched ocean above, the water along the seabed of this zone is really oxygen-free, making it a death trap.
Therefore, Option A is the correct answer.
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A form of subsistence agriculture based on the herding of domesticated animals. Pastoral refers to sheep-herding. Primarily the dry lands of South-west Asia and North Africa, Central Asia, and East Asia. Live in arid and semiarid land. Chose types and number of animals for herd based on local culture and physical characteristics. Depends on prestige of animals and the ability of the species to adapt to a particular climate and vegetation. Camel most desirable in North Africa and Southwest Asia, along with sheep and goat. HORSE in Central Asia.
Camels: well suited to arid climates, can go long periods without water, carry heavy baggage, and move fast. 12 months to have babies
Goats: need more water than camels but are tough and agile and can survive on almost all vegetation.
Sheep: slow, and affected by climate change, require more water than both camels and goats, ad more selective about eating.
Application: Dry climates. Only 15 million people are pastoral nomads. Sparsely occupy 20% of Earth's land area. Pastoral nomads consume more grain than meat. Many present day nomads grow grains.
Example: Places where planting is impossible
The Bedouins of Saudi Arabia and North Africa and the Masai of East Africa.
Nomad family typically needs 25-60 goats or sheep or 10-25 camels
Only invade other nomads territory in emergency or war. Every group controls a piece of territory. Goal is to control a territory large enough to contain the forage, water, for survival. Amount of land owned depends on it's wealth and power
TRANSHUMANCE: seasonal migration or livestock between mountains and lowland pasture areas.
The form of subsistence agriculture based on the herding of domesticated animals is called pastoralism.
Pastoralism is largely practised in the world's arid and semi-arid regions, such as South-west Asia and North Africa, Central Asia, and East Asia. Pastoralists rely on domesticated animals for a living, such as sheep, goats, and camels, and migrate their herds across the landscape in search of food and water.
Pastoralists select the sorts and amount of animals for their herd depending on local culture and physical traits, such as the species' capacity to adapt to a specific climate and vegetation. Camels, sheep, and goats are preferred in North Africa and Southwest Asia, whereas horses are chosen in Central Asia.
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as the energy needs for virginia increase, new sources of energy are required to replace or supplement the nonrenewable sources of energy now in use. two sources of energy that are renewable and available in virginia are -
The sources of non-renewable energy will deplete or not be renewed within our lifetimes, or perhaps within many, many lifetimes. Coal, oil, and natural gas are the main fossil fuels used as non-renewable energy sources. The primary component of fossil fuels is carbon.
Natural resources that cannot be easily replenished by natural means at a rate quick enough to keep up with us are considered non-renewable resources. Fossil fuels made of carbon are one instance. With the use of heat and pressure, the original biological matter transforms into fuel like petrol or oil.
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Explain how the fluidity and microstructure of a cast made by lost foam process can be different
from those in a conventional sand casting process.
The fluidity and microstructure of a cast made by lost foam process can be different depending on several factors. The fluidity of the cast can be affected by the design of the mold, the type of foam used for the pattern, and the characteristics of the molten metal.
The mold design can impact the flow of the metal, with more complex molds requiring greater fluidity to fill all the cavities. The type of foam used for the pattern can affect the porosity and permeability of the mold, which can impact how well the metal can flow through the mold. Lastly, the characteristics of the molten metal, such as temperature and composition, can also affect the fluidity of the cast.
The microstructure of the cast can be influenced by the cooling rate and solidification behavior of the molten metal. The cooling rate can determine the size and distribution of the solidification grains, which can in turn impact the mechanical properties of the cast.
The cooling rate is influenced by how fast the mold dissipates heat from the molten metal, which can be affected by factors such as the thickness of the walls and the type of material used to make the mold.
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changes in sea level may be caused by which of the following? multiple select question. rates of seafloor spreading position of the continents earth's magnetic polarity amount of continental glaciation ocean temperatures
Changes in sea level can be caused by multiple factors, including the rates of seafloor spreading, the amount of continental glaciation, and ocean temperatures. However, the spreading position of the continents and the Earth's magnetic polarity are not significant factors in causing changes in sea level. Therefore, options A, D, and E are correct.
As the seafloor spreads at mid-ocean ridges, it pushes the continents apart, causing ocean basins to widen and sea level to rise. Similarly, an increase in the amount of continental ice can lead to a drop in sea level due to the storage of water in glaciers. Conversely, melting glaciers and ice caps can cause sea level to rise.
Ocean temperatures also play a significant role in causing changes in sea level. As the temperature of the ocean water increases, it expands, leading to a rise in sea level. Moreover, warming oceans also contribute to melting of ice sheets and glaciers, further contributing to sea level rise.
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Porque en la costa es occidental de Sudamérica hay muchos volcanes y se producen continuamente terremotos y sin embargo en la costa occidental de Africa es muy estable y no hay volcanes ni se producen terremotos
Translation- Because on the western coast of South America there are many volcanoes and earthquakes occur continuously, and yet on the western coast of Africa it is very stable and there are no volcanoes or earthquakes.
The boundaries of tectonic plates determine various geological features of the location, a areas geological activity is determined by its location and the tectonic plates inside the earth.
A region where multiple tectonic plates converge is known as the- Ring of Fire, and it includes the western coast of South America. When two plates collide, tectonic zones are formed, where one plate slides under the other and an earthquake or a volcano may result.
comparatively, there are no active tectonic plate boundaries near Africa's western coast. This region's stability can be result to its location on a stable tectonic plate.
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Italy is part of the Mediterranean coast. Does volcanic activity like Vesuvius suggest the Mediterranean Sea is shrinking or expanding?
Answer: Expanding.
Explanation:
When a volcano explodes it emits magma which flows across the land in the lava flow. This lava later cools into rock which adds space to the currently existing plane. Later life will begin to return to the scorched grounds giving way to habitable space hence expanding.
