The relationship between most White House reporters and Franklin Roosevelt is best described as one of mutual dependence and understanding. During Roosevelt's presidency, he maintained a close relationship with the press, often holding informal and off-the-record conversations with them.
These interactions allowed the reporters to gain insight into his policies and thought processes, while Roosevelt used the press to communicate his message directly to the American public.
Roosevelt's fireside chats, which were radio broadcasts he used to address the nation, are an excellent example of this relationship.
Through these broadcasts, he was able to share his thoughts and plans with the American people, while also maintaining a sense of intimacy and relatability. In return, the press generally portrayed Roosevelt in a favorable light and helped build his public image.
This relationship was not without its challenges, however. Some reporters felt that Roosevelt's close ties with the press compromised their journalistic integrity, and others accused him of manipulating the media for his own political advantage.
Despite these concerns, the overall relationship between Roosevelt and the White House reporters remained largely positive, with both sides benefiting from their close interactions.
In summary, the relationship between most White House reporters and Franklin Roosevelt was characterized by mutual dependence and understanding, as both parties benefited from their close interactions.
Roosevelt used the press to communicate directly with the American public, while the reporters gained exclusive access and insight into his presidency. Though there were some criticisms and concerns regarding this relationship, it remained largely positive throughout Roosevelt's time in office.
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Should the US have stayed neutral for so long? Why or why not?
Yes, the US should've stayed neutral during the second war for so long as they were till recovering from major economic setback at home.
The isolationist mindset that had long characterized American politics and had saturated the country since World conflict I was the root of the US ambivalence towards the conflict.
During the struggle, hundreds of thousands of Americans lost their lives or were injured, and President Woodrow Wilson's idealistic plan to secure a lasting peace via international cooperation and American leadership fell short.
Many Americans thought that being so actively involved on the international scene in 1917 had been a mistake because to how little their efforts had actually achieved.
The majority of Americans continued to hold the belief that the country's interests would be best served by remaining out of international wars and concentrating on issues at home, particularly the catastrophic impacts of the Great Depression.
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What was the morality rate for children under 1 in 1862 in Gotham Court?
In 1862, the mortality rate for children under 1 in Gotham Court is not readily available, as Gotham Court is a fictional location. However, if you are referring to infant mortality rates during the 1860s in general, they were significantly higher than today, with estimates ranging between 150-200 deaths per 1,000 live births in many countries.
Children under the age of five are considered to be considered as having a child. The child mortality rate, commonly known as the under-five mortality rate, is the likelihood of passing away between birth and the age of five, represented as a percentage per 1,000 live births.
Neonatal and infant mortality are included in it. In the past 40 years, there has been a decline in child mortality rates. While 12.6 million children under the age of five died in 1990, that figure dropped to 5.6 million in 2016, and then again to 5 million in 2020.
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Galileo’s development and use of the telescope allowed him to collect evidence for
Where did the Germans mostly immigrate in the American colonies?
Answer:The central colonies
Explanation:the greatest part of this immigration, especially Pennsylvania. As many as half of these immigrants came as redemptioners, that is, they agreed to work in America for four to seven years in exchange for free passage across the Atlantic.
Why was the battle for Algerian independence from France (Algerian Revolution) so violent?
The battle for Algerian independence from France was so violent because it was a prolonged and brutal conflict that lasted for eight years, from 1954 to 1962.
The Algerian Revolution was characterized by widespread acts of terrorism, guerrilla warfare, and atrocities committed by both sides. The French used extreme measures to suppress the insurgency, including torture, mass killings, and forced displacement of Algerian civilians.
The FLN, the Algerian nationalist movement, also resorted to violent tactics, such as bombings and assassinations, in their struggle for independence.
The struggle for independence was further complicated by the involvement of various factions and external powers, such as the Soviet Union and the United States, who supported different sides in the conflict.
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how did the erie canal affect the american industrial revolution?
Answer: helped facilitate access to coal reserves in Pennsylvania, reducing American dependence on imported coal
Explanation:
Describe some ways in which the Taliban soldiers destroy Kabul
The Taliban soldiers destroy Kabul by swarming the dilapidated Kabul museum and smashed pre-Islamic statues to rubble.
The Taliban, which also calls itself the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan due to the name of its country, is a radical political movement of Deobandi Islamic fundamentalism and Pashtun nationalism in Afghanistan. He ruled three-quarters of the country from 1996 to 2001 before being overthrown after the US invasion. He recaptured Kabul on August 15, 2021, after nearly 20 years of insurgency, and currently controls the entire country, although his government is not recognized by any country. The Taliban government has been criticized for restricting women's and girls' human rights, including their right to work and education, in Afghanistan.
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what songs describe your day and why it matters?
Inspirational songs are the finest way to start the day. It matters because songs can influence one's mood throughout the day.
What is the significance of songs?Music has the power to uplift people's emotions, energize them, or calm and relax them. Music also allows us to feel almost all, if not all, of the emotions we experience in our daily lives.
Music, whether listened to or made, increases blood flow to parts of the brain that generate and regulate emotions. The limbic system, which is involved in mood processing and memory management, "lights" up when we hear music.
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As operations in Iraq and Afghanistan wind down, Navy EOP will shift its primary focus from __________ support back to _________.
As operations in Iraq and Afghanistan wind down, Navy EOP (Expeditionary Operations Program) will shift its primary focus from combat support back to traditional expeditionary operations. Expeditionary operations involve the deployment of naval forces and personnel to carry out a variety of missions, such as humanitarian assistance, disaster relief, and maritime security. These operations require the ability to rapidly deploy and sustain a variety of capabilities, including logistics, communications, and security.
During the height of the Iraq and Afghanistan wars, Navy EOP primarily focused on providing combat support, such as building and securing bases, conducting convoy operations, and supporting special operations forces. However, as these operations wind down, the Navy is shifting its focus back to traditional expeditionary operations. This shift is in line with the Navy's broader strategic priorities, which include maintaining a credible presence in key regions, deterring potential adversaries, and responding to crises and contingencies.
In practical terms, this shift will likely involve a greater emphasis on training and readiness for expeditionary operations, as well as investments in the equipment and capabilities needed to support these operations. It may also involve a reallocation of resources and personnel to better support expeditionary missions, as well as closer coordination with other branches of the military and partner nations. Overall, the shift back to traditional expeditionary operations reflects the Navy's ongoing commitment to maintaining its ability to operate in a variety of environments and to respond quickly and effectively to emerging challenges.
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How does Lee Coker respond to Amos Hicks and his criticism of Janie?
In response to the expansion of world capitalism in New Guinea, _______ combined aboriginal and Christian beliefs.
In response to the expansion of world capitalism in New Guinea, the people of the region combined aboriginal and Christian beliefs.
As colonial powers expanded into New Guinea and brought with them Western capitalism, many indigenous communities in the region sought ways to reconcile their traditional beliefs with the new economic and cultural influences. One way that they did this was by combining their ancestral beliefs with Christian practices and beliefs introduced by European missionaries.
This syncretic approach allowed indigenous communities to retain their cultural identity while also adapting to the changing world around them. The blending of traditional and Christian beliefs also facilitated the spread of Christianity in the region, as it became more accessible and relatable to the local population.
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In about 1870 a census found how many tenements out of 609 to be in decent shape in "the Bend" district of Mulberry Street?
In about 1870 a census found only one tenements out of 609 to be in decent shape in "the Bend" district of Mulberry Street.
In "the Bend" neighborhood of Mulberry Street, only one tenement out of 609 was found to be in good condition by a census taken around 1870. This indicates that the vast majority of the area's tenement buildings were in poor shape, with insufficient ventilation, lighting, and sanitary facilities.
Riis in the late 19th century documented the awful living conditions of the underprivileged in New York City's tenements. His work contributed to raising awareness of the need for better housing and social welfare policies. The census data he used as evidence for his book shows in stark relief the scope of the issue and the urgent need for action to solve the city's housing crisis.
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For the following books and concepts, name the author and say how it contributed to pessimism: (Psychoanalysis)
Psychoanalysis is a psychological theory and therapy developed by Sigmund Freud in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. While psychoanalysis itself may not have contributed to pessimism, some of its ideas and implications have been seen as pessimistic.
Freud's theories emphasized the role of the unconscious mind and the ways in which unresolved childhood conflicts and repressed memories can shape adult behavior.
He also introduced the concept of the "death drive," which suggests that humans have an inherent desire for self-destruction and an inability to ever achieve true happiness.
These ideas have been interpreted as pessimistic because they challenge the notion of free will and suggest that humans are inherently flawed and incapable of ever fully understanding or controlling their own minds.
Additionally, Freud's focus on the negative aspects of human experience, such as anxiety, guilt, and repression, can be seen as emphasizing the darker side of human nature.
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About how long did the Portuguese trading empire in the Indian Ocean flourish?
The Portuguese trading empire in the Indian Ocean flourishes in Less than a century.
The option (B) is correct.
Portugal's motivation in the Indian Sea was to guarantee the imposing business model of the zest exchange. Exploiting the contentions that set Hindus in opposition to Muslims, the Portuguese laid out a few fortresses and general stores. By 1600, the Portuguese general store realm started by Vasco da Gama in 1497 was at that point in steep downfall.
The Indian Ocean was the focal point of world exchange. A wide range of shipping lanes crossed its waves. These courses connected the South China Ocean to the Indian Sea to the Mediterranean Ocean.
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This question is not complete, Here I am attaching the complete question:
About how long did the Portuguese trading empire in the Indian Ocean flourish?
a) Nearly four centuries
b) Less than a century
c) Less than 50 years
d) About two centuries
george washington's early military setbacks convinced him to group of answer choices engage the british in frontal combat. harass the british, making the war as costly for them as possible. lead an assault on canada. seek a final attempt at reconciliation with the british.
George washington's early military setbacks convinced him to opted for a strategy of harassment and attrition, aiming to make the war as costly as possible for the British while avoiding direct confrontation.
George Washington's early military setbacks during the American Revolution were a turning point in his strategic thinking. Prior to these setbacks, he had been advocating for a more traditional style of warfare, which emphasized the importance of engaging the enemy in direct combat.
However, after suffering several defeats and experiencing the difficulties of commanding an untrained and poorly equipped army, he began to rethink his approach.
Rather than continuing to engage the British in frontal combat, which he realized was unlikely to result in a decisive victory, Washington adopted a new strategy of harassment.
This involved avoiding direct confrontation with the British army and instead using hit-and-run tactics to disrupt their supply lines, destroy their fortifications, and wear down their morale.
This approach was successful in making the war as costly as possible for the British and in forcing them to stretch their resources thin.
Washington also considered leading an assault on Canada as a way to gain a strategic advantage in the war. However, he ultimately decided against this plan due to the logistical challenges it posed and the risk of overextending his army.
Finally, seeking a final attempt at reconciliation with the British was also considered by Washington. However, by this point in the war, the colonists had become increasingly committed to the cause of independence and were unlikely to accept anything less.
As a result, Washington abandoned the idea of reconciliation and focused instead on achieving victory on the battlefield.
In conclusion, George Washington's early military setbacks forced him to reevaluate his strategic approach to the American Revolution. Through his experiences, he recognized the importance of using hit-and-run tactics to harass the British and make the war as costly as possible for them.
While he considered other options, such as leading an assault on Canada and seeking reconciliation with the British, he ultimately settled on a strategy of attrition, which was instrumental in securing American independence.
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true or false
the soviet union is to blame for the beginning of the cold war
explain your opinion- who was to blame for the breakdown of post war talks between the U.S. and the USSR? why?
All of the following were important patrons of Dutch seventeenth century art EXCEPTA. popesB. guildsC. private individualsD. civic organizations
Popes did not play a significant role in the patronage of Dutch seventeenth-century art, as the Netherlands was a Protestant country and there was little contact between the Dutch artists and the papacy. The correct option is A.
The Dutch Golden Age, a period of economic and cultural prosperity in the Netherlands during the seventeenth century, saw a flourishing of artistic production, particularly in painting.
During this time, many patrons played an important role in supporting artists and commissioning artworks.
Among the most prominent were private individuals, who were often wealthy merchants, nobles, or members of the bourgeoisie.
They commissioned paintings for their homes or as gifts, and their tastes and preferences helped shape the direction of Dutch art.
Guilds, and associations of craftsmen, also played a significant role, commissioning artworks for their headquarters and sponsoring competitions and exhibitions.
Civic organizations such as city governments, churches, and hospitals were also important patrons of art, commissioning works for public spaces or as part of religious or civic ceremonies.
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Give a definition or explanation of greenstone belts and include the age of the oldestknown greenstone (or supracrustal) belt.
Greenstone belts refer to geological formations that consist of primarily volcanic rocks and sedimentary rocks that have undergone intense metamorphism. The Isua Greenstone Belt is the oldest known greenstone belt, dating back approximately 3.8 billion years.
These belts are typically found in Archean and Proterozoic rock sequences, and they are believed to have formed during periods of active tectonic activity and volcanic eruptions.
Greenstone belts are important as they often host economically significant mineral deposits, such as gold, silver, and copper. These belts also provide valuable insight into the early evolution of the Earth's crust and the processes that led to the formation of continents.
The oldest known greenstone belt is the Isua Greenstone Belt in southwest Greenland, which has been dated to be approximately 3.8 billion years old. This belt is believed to have formed during the early stages of the Earth's formation and provides important clues about the conditions that existed on the planet during that time.
In summary, greenstone belts are geological formations composed of primarily volcanic and sedimentary rocks that provide valuable insights into the early evolution of the Earth's crust and host economically significant mineral deposits. The Isua Greenstone Belt is the oldest known greenstone belt, dating back approximately 3.8 billion years.
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which were primary reasons the magazine industry moved to smaller, more specialized publications in the 1950s?
The primary reasons the magazine industry moved to smaller, more specialized publications in the 1950s
were due to a changing market and the need to cater to specific interests of readers.
1. Competition from television: The 1950s saw a surge in the popularity of television as a new medium for entertainment and news. As television gained more viewership,
the magazine industry had to adapt to this change by focusing on niche markets and creating specialized content to stay relevant and maintain their audience.
2. Targeted advertising: Advertisers were looking for more targeted ways to reach their desired audience.
Smaller, specialized publications provided a better platform for them to reach specific demographics and interests, ensuring that their ads would reach the right people.
3. Diversification of interests: With the post-World War II economic boom, people's interests became more diverse as they had more time and resources for leisure and personal pursuits.
Smaller, specialized publications were able to cater to these specific interests and hobbies, providing readers with content that was relevant and interesting to them.
4. Increasing literacy rates: As more people became literate in the 1950s, there was a growing demand for a variety of reading materials. Smaller,
specialized publications were able to meet this demand by offering content tailored to the interests and preferences of their readers.
In conclusion, the magazine industry's shift to smaller, more specialized publications in the 1950s was primarily driven by the need to adapt to the changing market, cater to theing diversify interests of readers, and provide targeted advertising opportunities for businesses.
This strategy allowed the industry to remain relevant and competitive in the face of emerging media, such as television.
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How and why did employer-employee relationships change during the Industrial Revolution?
Relationships change during the Industrial Revolution as foundation of huge plants obliterated those immediate connections, offering proprietors less chance to lay out an individual interest in laborers.
The Industrial Revolution changed economies that had been founded on horticulture and handiwork into economies in view of enormous scope industry, motorized assembling, and the manufacturing plant framework. Existing industries were made more productive and efficient by new machines, new power sources, and new ways to organize work. Opportunities for employment increased as a result of the Industrial Revolution.
Compared to what farmers were earning, factory wages were higher. As factories spread, more managers and workers were needed to run them, which led to an increase in the number of jobs available and overall wages.
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Cause: Railroads and steamboats expand and speed up travel
Effect
A. Cost of transportation from coast to coast increases.
B. Dependence on international commerce grows.
C. Fewer settlers find it necessary to move west.
D. More people and goods move between regions.
The expansion of railroads and steamboats had a profound effect on travel, leading to: more people and goods moving between regions. The correct option is D
This led to increased trade and interaction between different parts of the country. As a result, the economy benefited from the efficient exchange of resources, products, and ideas.
While it might be expected that the cost of transportation from coast to coast would increase (Effect A), the competition between different transportation companies and the increased efficiency actually led to a decrease in transportation costs over time. This made it more accessible for people to travel and relocate.
The expansion of railroads and steamboats did not lead to a significant growth in dependence on international commerce (Effect B). Although trade with other countries increased, the main impact was on domestic transportation and trade.
Finally, the improved transportation system made it easier for settlers to move west (contrary to Effect C). This facilitated westward expansion and the development of new settlements, as people were attracted by the opportunities for economic growth and better living conditions in the western regions.
In summary, the expansion of railroads and steamboats had a profound effect on travel, leading to more people and goods moving between regions, which in turn boosted the economy and facilitated westward expansion.
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after fulfilling the ideal of manifest destiny and expanding its territory to the pacific ocean, why did the united states shift from a policy of isolationism to imperialism? (5.1) a. to find new markets to sell goods and acquire raw materials b. to find new territory to relieve overcrowding in cities c. to discover new technology to improve industrial efficiency d. to compete with european nations by establishing colonies in africa
After fulfilling the ideal of manifest destiny and expanding its territory to the Pacific Ocean, the United States shifted from a policy of isolationism to imperialism primarily to find new markets to sell goods and acquire raw materials (option A).
This shift was driven by a need to fuel the growing American economy and maintain its competitive edge on the global stage.
As the United States industrialized, it needed access to new resources and markets for its manufactured goods. Expanding its global influence allowed the country to secure these resources and markets, helping it become a significant player in international trade.
Additionally, the United States wanted to compete with European nations (option D), who were also establishing colonies around the world. By engaging in imperialism, the U.S. could assert its power and influence on a global scale, aligning with the idea of American exceptionalism.
While options B and C may have been secondary motivations, they were not the primary reasons for the shift from isolationism to imperialism. Acquiring new territory to relieve overcrowding in cities (option B) and discovering new technology to improve industrial efficiency (option C) were not the main driving forces behind this policy change.
In summary, the United States shifted from isolationism to imperialism to find new markets to sell goods and acquire raw materials, as well as to compete with European nations by establishing colonies and expanding its global influence.
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Many settlers in Florida and Georgia were upset with the Seminoles because they
A. attacked Spanish forts without warning.
B. provided safe havens for runaway slaves.
C. declared loyalty to the French government.
D. competed with southern agricultural exports.
Option B is entirely correct. Many settlers in Florida and Georgia were upset with the Seminoles because they provided safe havens for runaway slaves.
What exactly are seminoles?The Seminoles are a Native American tribe that first appeared in Florida in the 18th century. Today, they are divided into three federally recognised tribes: the Seminole Indian Nation of Oklahoma, the Seminole Tribe of Florida, and the Miccosukee Tribe of Indians of Florida, as well as autonomous organisations. The Seminoles evolved from several Native American groups who immigrated in Spanish Florida beginning in the early 1700s, most notably the northern Muscogee Creeks that originated in what is now Georgia and Alabama.
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What provision did New York City make for its homeless in the early 1870s?
In the early 1870s, New York City made provisions for its homeless population by establishing temporary shelters and aid programs. These provisions aimed to provide basic necessities like food, clothing, and a place to sleep for the city's homeless individuals.
In response to the growing homeless population, New York City opened up shelters, also known as "lodging houses," to provide temporary housing for those in need. These lodging houses were often supported by philanthropic organizations and religious institutions that provided funding and resources to help the city's homeless population.
In addition to lodging houses, aid programs were established to offer food and clothing to homeless individuals. "Soup kitchens" and charitable organizations distributed essential items to those in need.
Job placement services were also created to help homeless individuals find employment and eventually transition to stable housing.
In summary, New York City made several provisions for its homeless population in the early 1870s, including establishing temporary shelters, aid programs for food and clothing, and job placement services. These measures aimed to alleviate the struggles the city's homeless individuals faced and help them regain stability in their lives.
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Why was the early Chinese writing important for the Chinese
The early Chinese writing system was important for the Chinese because it was the foundation of their culture and communication.
What is culture ?Culture is the practices, beliefs, values, and behaviors that make up the unique identity of a group of people. It is the way of life shared by a particular society or population, and can include language, customs, values, norms, and traditions. Culture shapes how people interact with one another and the world around them, and it is constantly evolving and adapting in response to changes in the environment. It involves everything from the way people dress and speak, to their diets and religious beliefs. It also includes ideas, stories, and art that are created and shared by the members of the culture. Ultimately, culture is the collective identity of a group of people and is an important part of human experience.
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Answer: early Chinese writing was essential for the preservation of culture, communication, governance, and the development of a shared cultural identity
Explanation:
This chart shows a sequence of causes and effects in how banking can affect society. Complete the chart by selecting the correct word.
First: The Fed reduces interest rates.
Second: Banks will make (more or fewer?) loans.
Third: The money supply (increases or decreases?).
Fourth: People and businesses are (more or less) likely to spend and borrow money.
Fifth: The number of jobs will (decrease or increase?).
Sixth: People will buy (more or fewer?) cars, homes, and fun stuff.
Seventh: Growth of the economy speeds up.
Eighth: Inflation will (decrease or increase?).
The correct word that tells us what would happen when the Fed reduces interest rates has been filled in below
What happens when the fed reduces interest rate?The interest rate is the percentage by which the benefits of saving money woud grow. When people save money, the money would generally earn an interest overtime
First: The Fed reduces interest rates.
Second: Banks will make more loans.
Third: The money supply increases.
Fourth: People and businesses are more likely to spend and borrow money.
Fifth: The number of jobs will increase.
Sixth: People will buy more cars, homes, and fun stuff.
Seventh: Growth of the economy speeds up.
Eighth: Inflation will increase.
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during the immediate postwar years, native americans group of answer choices saw themselves as rival members of independent nations. became equal partners in western settlement. refused to see themselves as conquered peoples. never ceded land in exchange for goods.
During the immediate postwar years, Native Americans refused to see themselves as conquered peoples and instead saw themselves as rival members of independent nations. The correct option is refused to see themselves as conquered peoples.
They recognized that they had been colonized and mistreated by the United States government, but they did not want to be seen as subordinate to them. Instead, they wanted to assert their own sovereignty and independence, and they saw themselves as equal partners in the western settlement. Native Americans never ceded land in exchange for goods, as they believed that their land was sacred and belonged to them.
They also resisted attempts by the government to assimilate them into white culture, and instead fought to preserve their own traditions and way of life. Despite facing many challenges and obstacles, Native Americans continued to resist colonialism and assert their own rights and autonomy, paving the way for future generations to fight for their own sovereignty and independence. The correct option is refused to see themselves as conquered peoples.
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Why was Nigeria formerly under a command economic system?
Nigeria formerly operated under a command economic system because type of centrally planned economy.
This system was implemented in the 1960s when Nigeria gained independence from Britain. The main goal of the command economic system was to reduce income inequality and promote industrialization. Under this system, all production and pricing decisions were made by the government.
The government would control all imports, exports, and foreign investment. It would also determine wages and prices for goods, as well as regulate all business activities. This system ultimately failed due to corruption and lack of incentives for producers, leading to an inefficient economy with high levels of poverty.
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The fresco cycle of the life of Christ in the Arena Chapel of Padua was painted byA. CimabueB. GiottoC. MasaccioD. Fra Angelico
Giotto's use of light and shadow, perspective, and spatial composition helped to create a sense of depth and realism in the frescoes, setting a new standard for painting in Italy. The correct answer is B. Giotto.
His work in the Arena Chapel had a profound influence on the development of Renaissance art and continues to be admired and studied by art historians and scholars today.
The fresco cycle of the life of Christ in the Arena Chapel of Padua was painted by the Italian artist Giotto di Bondone (c. 1267-1337).
The Arena Chapel, also known as the Scrovegni Chapel, was commissioned by Enrico Scrovegni, a wealthy Paduan banker, in the early 14th century.
Giotto's frescoes in the chapel are considered to be a masterpiece of Western art and a turning point in the development of Italian Renaissance art.
The cycle depicts scenes from the life of Christ, from the Annunciation to the Last Judgment, and is notable for its emotional intensity, naturalistic style, and careful attention to details of human anatomy and movement.
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After winning their national independence, many countries subsequently sought to break their dependence on foreign imports and increase the range of commodities manufactured domestically. This policy is commonly referred to as:
The policy commonly referred to as breaking dependence on foreign imports and increasing domestic manufacturing is known as import substitution industrialization (ISI).
The idea behind ISI was that by producing goods domestically, these countries could reduce their reliance on foreign imports and promote economic development and self-sufficiency. ISI involved implementing protectionist policies, such as tariffs and quotas, to limit imports and encourage domestic production. Governments also provided subsidies and other incentives to support the development of domestic industries. While ISI did lead to some successes in terms of industrialization and economic growth, it also had some drawbacks.
For example, protected industries often became inefficient and uncompetitive, and consumers had limited access to imported goods. Overall, ISI was a strategy that aimed to promote economic development and reduce dependence on foreign imports. While it had some limitations, it played a significant role in the economic policies of many newly independent countries.
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