What did the sanitary structures of big monasteries contain in the 9th century?

City life in the late 1800s and early 1900s was characterized by a number of challenges that were unique to urban areas.

One of the most significant problems was sanitation, as there were few regulations in place to manage waste disposal and other issues related to cleanliness.

Horses were commonly used as transportation during this time, but their presence in the city also contributed to sanitation concerns.

However, over time, regulations were put in place to address air and water pollution, which were first established by state governments and later by the federal government.

One significant improvement in public health during this time was the development of public waterworks, which eliminated many of the health hazards associated with unsafe water.

However, finding adequate housing remained a major challenge for many city residents, who were often forced to live in tenements due to a lack of affordable options.

Despite these challenges, many people were drawn to the opportunities that cities offered in terms of employment, cultural activities, and access to services.

Overall, while city life in the late 1800s and early 1900s was challenging, it was also a time of significant growth and progress for urban areas.

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Answer:

I think its D. Finding adequate housing was a problem for many city residents, who were forced to live in tenements.

Explanation:

The Christian idea at the origin of the kind of hospital that arose during the Middle Ages is the concept of charity to people.

A core element of Christianity was to provide for the sick and the poor, and the early Christian Church placed great emphasis on doing so. Many times, religious orders founded the first hospitals.

To providing medical care, these hospitals also provided shelter and a haven for the underprivileged, pilgrims, and travelers. No matter their financial situation or social standing, they offered everyone who needed it food, shelter, and medical attention.

Christian charity and compassion for those in need were central to the Christian faith, and it was this belief that influenced the Middle Ages development of the hospital as a facility for treatment and care.

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In conclusion, the French Revolution had a significant impact on political and social ideas from 1648 to 1815. It introduced the idea of popular sovereignty, challenged traditional notions of divine right monarchy, and established the ideals of liberty, equality, and fraternity.

What is brief history?

The events and developments of the French Revolution, which occurred between 1789 and 1799, had a profound impact on political and social ideas from 1648 to 1815. The revolution ushered in a new era of political thought and action, characterized by ideas of liberty, equality, and fraternity.

One of the most significant ways in which the French Revolution influenced political and social ideas was through the introduction of the idea of popular sovereignty. The French Revolution challenged the notion of divine right monarchy, which had been the prevailing form of government in Europe for centuries, and replaced it with the idea that sovereignty ultimately resided in the people.

The French Revolution also had a significant impact on social ideas, particularly through its emphasis on the ideals of liberty, equality, and fraternity.

The French Revolution also had an impact on nationalism, as it helped to foster a sense of national identity among the French people. This idea of nationalism, based on a shared language, culture, and history, would become a powerful force in Europe during the nineteenth century, as various ethnic groups sought to assert their own national identities.

Finally, the French Revolution had an impact on international relations, as it introduced the idea of a balance of power system in Europe. This system, which aimed to prevent any one nation from becoming too powerful and dominating the others, would continue to shape European politics throughout the nineteenth century.

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According to the opponent-process theory, when people experience fear, it triggers two opposing emotions: the primary emotion of fear and the secondary emotion of relief.

When a person is first exposed to a fear-inducing stimulus, such as a spider or a loud noise, the primary emotion of fear is triggered. This emotion is intense and short-lived, lasting only a few seconds. However, as the person continues to be exposed to the stimulus, the secondary emotion of relief is activated. This emotion is opposite to fear and is meant to balance out the initial fear response.
Over time, the opponent-process theory suggests that the secondary emotion of relief becomes stronger and more dominant, while the primary emotion of fear becomes weaker. This process is known as habituation, and it allows individuals to become desensitized to fearful stimuli over time. However, the theory also suggests that the fear response can be reactivated if the person is exposed to the stimulus again after a period of time.

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I think the leaders of those nations made the decisions they did regarding the Cold War alliances due to several factors including national security, political ideology, economic interests, and the balance of power.

1. National Security: One of the primary reasons for forming alliances during the Cold War was to ensure the security of the participating nations. Both NATO and the Warsaw Pact were formed to counter perceived threats from rival blocs and provide a collective defense against potential aggression.

2. Political Ideology: The Cold War was primarily a struggle between two opposing ideologies: capitalism led by the United States and communism led by the Soviet Union. Leaders of nations aligned themselves with the bloc that supported their ideological beliefs, either to promote their values or to maintain their regime's stability.

3. Economic Interests: Another factor influencing alliance decisions was the economic benefits that came with being part of a bloc. The United States provided financial aid and access to markets for its allies, while the Soviet Union offered support for socialist economies and infrastructure development.

4. Balance of Power: The Cold War was characterized by an ongoing arms race and competition for global influence. Leaders sought alliances that would strengthen their nation's position in this struggle and maintain a balance of power that deterred potential conflicts.

In summary, leaders of nations made their decisions regarding Cold War alliances based on national security, political ideology, economic interests, and the need to maintain a balance of power. These factors combined to drive nations towards one bloc or another, shaping the global political landscape during the Cold War.

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The institution that threatened American unity in the mid-1800s was slavery.

The practice of slavery had been a divisive issue in American politics since the country's founding, and tensions came to a head in the mid-1800s. The issue was particularly contentious in the western territories, where new states were being formed and there was a fierce debate over whether slavery should be allowed in those states.

The issue of slavery had deep roots in American society, and it was tied to broader debates over states' rights, economic development, and cultural identity. The northern states, which were largely industrial and urban, were increasingly opposed to slavery, while the southern states, which were largely agrarian and rural, were deeply invested in the institution.

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Answer:

The American approach to Europe after World War II was significantly different from its approach after World War I. After World War I, the United States pursued a policy of isolationism and withdrew from international affairs. This approach led to the rise of aggressive powers, such as Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan, which ultimately led to World War II.

After World War II, the United States recognized the need for a new approach to foreign policy. The United States became deeply involved in the rebuilding of Europe and the establishment of a new international order. The U.S. policy of containment aimed to prevent the spread of communism and promote democracy in Europe.

The Marshall Plan, which provided economic aid to Western European countries, was a key element of the American strategy after World War II. The United States recognized that a stable and prosperous Europe was essential to its own security and economic interests. In addition, the creation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in 1949, a military alliance between the United States and Western Europe, was another significant element of the American strategy.

Overall, the American approach after World War II was characterized by a commitment to internationalism, multilateralism, and a willingness to engage in global affairs. In contrast, after World War I, the United States pursued a policy of isolationism, which ultimately contributed to the rise of aggressive powers and the outbreak of another devastating war.

Explanation:

The rise of global trade networks has had far-reaching economic and social effects.

A network is a set of interconnected computing devices, such as computers, phones, printers, or other electronic devices, which are able to communicate with each other and exchange data.

Economically, global trade networks have allowed for increased access to markets, goods and services, creating a more efficient and interconnected world economy. This has resulted in increased economic growth and development, with countries around the world becoming more interconnected.

In addition, global trade networks have also led to the emergence of larger and more powerful companies, as they have been able to take advantage of new markets, cheaper labour and more efficient production methods. This has led to the emergence of multinational corporations, which have increased the concentration of economic power in the hands of a few.

On the social side, global trade networks have led to increased migration and cultural exchange, as people move between countries in search of work and new opportunities. This has also brought about increased cultural awareness, as people become exposed to different cultures and ideas. In addition, as countries become more interconnected, there is a greater sense of shared responsibility, as countries work together to tackle global challenges such as climate change and poverty.

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When Jacob Riis became the owner, editor, reporter, publisher, and advertising agent for the South Brooklyn News, he began to write stories that focused on the social issues and hardships that the residents of the slums faced.

He reported on the unsanitary living conditions, poverty, and crime that plagued the neighborhoods, shedding light on the dire situations that many people were living in. Riis's stories were often accompanied by his own photographs, which further highlighted the deplorable living conditions of the slums.

His writing was meant to expose the injustices that were happening and to bring attention to the need for reform. Riis's work helped to spark a movement for change, and his reporting paved the way for social and political reforms that would improve the lives of those living in poverty.

His storytelling was a powerful tool in bringing attention to social issues and inspiring change.

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Forms of painting found in ancient Mesoamerica include illustrated codices and "large narrative murals". The correct answer is A.

The Mesoamerican painting was a vibrant art form that was practiced by many different cultures, including the Maya, Aztec, and Zapotec.

Illustrated codices were one of the most important forms of painting in Mesoamerica. These were books made of bark paper or animal skin that were folded like an accordion and covered in hieroglyphs and pictorial representations of various scenes.

The codices often depicted important events, such as battles or religious ceremonies, and were used to record historical and religious knowledge.

Another important form of painting in Mesoamerica was large narrative murals. These were paintings that covered the walls of buildings and often depicted scenes from mythology or daily life.

Mural painting was particularly important in the Maya culture, where it was used to decorate the interiors of buildings such as temples and palaces.

Framed oils, silk scrolls, and ivory miniatures are not forms of painting that are typically associated with ancient Mesoamerica. These are all art forms that were developed in other parts of the world and in later time periods.

In conclusion, illustrated codices and large narrative murals were important forms of painting in ancient Mesoamerica. These art forms were used to record historical and religious knowledge and to decorate the interiors of buildings.

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During the Jewish pogroms of 1881-1884: a series of violent attacks occurred against Jewish communities in the Russian Empire.

These pogroms were characterized by widespread destruction of Jewish property, physical assaults on Jewish individuals, and in some cases, loss of life.

The pogroms were triggered by the assassination of Tsar Alexander II in 1881, which was falsely blamed on Jews. This event led to a surge of anti-Semitic sentiment, and mobs targeted Jewish communities, especially in present-day Ukraine, Belarus, and Poland.

The main factors that contributed to the escalation of violence during this period were economic tensions, religious intolerance, and the role of Russian authorities.

Many non-Jewish locals believed that Jews were responsible for their economic hardships, while religious differences fueled prejudices. Additionally, Russian authorities did little to prevent or punish the violence, allowing it to continue unchecked.

In response to the pogroms, many Jews sought safety through emigration, mainly to Western Europe and the United States. These events also led to the emergence of Zionist movements, which advocated for the establishment of a Jewish homeland.

In summary, the Jewish pogroms of 1881-1884 were a series of violent anti-Semitic attacks in the Russian Empire, triggered by the assassination of Tsar Alexander II.

Economic tensions, religious intolerance, and lack of intervention from authorities contributed to the violence, resulting in widespread destruction of Jewish property and loss of life. The pogroms prompted mass emigration and the growth of Zionist movements.

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Van Eyck's use of oil paint revolutionized painting in Northern Europe and influenced generations of artists to come.

It allowed for a greater level of realism and detail in paintings and paved the way for the development of new techniques and styles in the centuries to follow.

Jan van Eyck, a Flemish artist of the early Renaissance period, is known for his early use of oil paint.

Prior to the 15th century, most European artists used egg tempera paint, which dries quickly and does not allow for the subtle blending of colors that oil paint allows.

Van Eyck's use of oil paint was a major breakthrough in painting technique, allowing for greater depth, luminosity, and detail in his works.

Van Eyck's technique involved layering thin glazes of oil paint over a base layer of paint, allowing the colors to blend and create a sense of depth and richness.

He also used oil paint to create highly detailed textures and reflections, such as in the intricate patterns on clothing or the reflective surfaces of objects.

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The greatest example of Constantinople's revitalization under Justinian I was the construction of the Hagia Sophia. This architectural masterpiece was built in just five years and became the largest church in the world at the time.

The Hagia Sophia combined elements of Roman and Byzantine architecture and featured a massive dome that was supported by four piers and two half-domes. The interior was decorated with intricate mosaics and marble panels.

The Hagia Sophia became a symbol of Justinian's power and wealth, and it remains one of the most important examples of Byzantine architecture to this day. Its construction was a testament to Justinian's commitment to the revitalization of Constantinople and his desire to make it the most magnificent city in the world.

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The railroads opened up new markets for New Mexico's agricultural and mining industries.

Railroads, also known as railways or rail transportation, are a system of tracks and trains used to transport goods and passengers over long distances. The first railroads emerged in the early 19th century, and since then they have become an essential component of transportation infrastructure across the world. Railroads consist of a network of tracks, stations, and other infrastructure, including bridges, tunnels, and signals. Trains typically run on rails powered by electricity, diesel fuel, or steam. Railroads offer a cost-effective and efficient means of transportation for heavy goods, such as coal, grain, and raw materials, and also provide a reliable and comfortable mode of transportation for passengers over long distances.

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Answer:

C

Explanation:

The best answer is C because it was a competition between the USA and the Soviet union, but no battles were ever fought.

The harsh treatment of Christians stopped primarily because the Roman Emperor converted to Christianity. This event played a significant role in the eventual acceptance of Christians in Roman society and the end of their persecution.

To provide a step-by-step explanation:

1. Christians were initially persecuted and treated harshly in the Roman Empire due to their refusal to worship Roman gods and their perceived threat to the stability of the empire.

2. In 313 AD, Roman Emperor Constantine the Great issued the Edict of Milan, which granted religious freedom and tolerance to Christians within the empire.

3. Constantine's conversion to Christianity is considered a major turning point in history. As a result, Christianity became more accepted, and persecution against Christians began to decline.

4. Over time, Christianity gained prominence within the Roman Empire, eventually becoming the state religion under Emperor Theodosius in 380 AD.

In conclusion, the main factor that made the harsh treatment of Christians stop was the conversion of the Roman Emperor to Christianity. This led to greater religious tolerance and ultimately, the establishment of Christianity as the state religion of the Roman Empire.

The other options (Jews accepting Christians into their society, the destruction of Jerusalem, and the fall of the Roman Empire) did not have a direct impact on the cessation of persecution against Christians.

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Germany used Blitzkrieg tactics, propaganda and surprise attack to quickly conquer Poland at the beginning of World War II. They succeed as they had well-trained military and are technologically advanced than poland. The rest of the world responded with outrage, with Britain, France, and eventually the United States declaring war on Germany.

Germany used a combination of military tactics and propaganda to conquer Poland at the beginning of World War II. Here are some of the methods they used

The German army used the Blitzkrieg strategy, which involved using tanks and aircraft to quickly break through enemy lines and create chaos, followed by infantry troops to occupy the territory.

Germany used propaganda to create a negative image of Poland in the eyes of the German public, and to justify their invasion. They spread false rumors about Polish aggression towards Germany, and claimed that they were protecting ethnic Germans living in Poland.

Germany launched a surprise attack on Poland, catching the Polish army off guard and quickly gaining control of key strategic locations.

The Germans succeeded in conquering Poland because they had a technologically advanced and well-trained military, while the Polish army was poorly equipped and not prepared for the speed and ferocity of the German attack. Additionally, Germany had made alliances with other European powers, such as the Soviet Union, which allowed them to avoid a two-front war.

The rest of the world responded with shock and outrage to the invasion of Poland. Britain and France declared war on Germany, marking the beginning of World War II. The Soviet Union also invaded Poland from the east, in accordance with a secret agreement with Germany.

The United States initially remained neutral, but eventually entered the war after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941. The conquest of Poland was a significant event that set the stage for the larger conflict.

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He was attempting to pull on a pod of wood while another boy was swinging an object to cut it while he was reaching around the tree trunk. The boy instead cut him. Seydou has an injury as a result.

The given context is derived from The Bitter Side Of Sweet emphasizes When Sullivan follows the path of three kids Amadou and Seydou and one more toward freedom, he draws attention to the bleak reality of the cocoa industry.

As Amadou works in the fields, Khadija is now helping him by keeping an eye on Seydou at the camp. The injury on Seydou worsens and infects.

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Welch responded to McCarthy allegations by pointing out the Senator's inconsistencies and false statements.    

Welch  indicted McCarthy of trying to" sling  slush" at a  youthful  counsel in the Army,  rather of engaging in honest debate. He said that McCarthy was engaged in"  atrocity" by making serious allegations without  substantiation and using his office for false motives.  

Welch also stated that he was floored by McCarthy's lack of respect for the American criminal justice system. Welch concluded his statement by saying that he'd “ watched this body couch potato toward Washington," indicating his dismay at the quality of leadership being  handed to the country.

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For the book "Decline of the West", the author is Oswald Spengler. The book is known for its contribution to the concept of pessimism by presenting a view of history that suggests that civilizations follow a natural life cycle of growth and decline. Spengler argues that Western civilization has reached its peak and is now in a state of decline, which he believes is irreversible.

The concept of "decline" in Spengler's work is not merely economic or political but rather encompasses all aspects of culture and society. Spengler argues that the decline of the West is due to the exhaustion of its cultural and spiritual resources, leading to a loss of meaning and purpose.

Spengler's work contributed to pessimism by presenting a bleak outlook for the future of Western civilization. He suggests that the decline of the West is inevitable, and there is no hope for a reversal of its fortunes.

This perspective has had a significant impact on the intellectual and cultural landscape of the twentieth century, influencing the work of many writers and philosophers who have grappled with questions of cultural decline and pessimism.

In conclusion, Oswald Spengler's "Decline of the West" contributed to pessimism by presenting a view of history that suggests that civilization follows a natural life cycle of growth and decline, and the West has reached its peak and is now in a state of irreversible decline.

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Answer:

Explanation:

Personal bankruptcies climbed, the personal saving rate plummeted (as measured in the national income statistics), the trade deficit expanded dramatically, and the stock market may well have become substantially overvalued. Overall, however, U.S. economic performance during the 1990s was outstanding.

Encaustic can best be described as "a painting medium using wax". The correct answer is B.

Encaustic is a painting technique that involves mixing pigments with melted beeswax and applying the mixture to a surface, usually a wooden panel or canvas.

The word "encaustic" comes from the Greek word "enkaustikos," which means "to burn in," referring to the process of fusing the wax and pigment together using heat.

Encaustic painting has been used since ancient times, notably by Greek and Egyptian artists, and has continued to be used by artists throughout history, including in the contemporary art world.

The use of encaustic allows for a range of effects, from translucency to impasto, and the wax can be manipulated and textured in various ways.

While encaustic is not a common printmaking process, it can be used in combination with other printmaking techniques, such as monotype or collage.

Encaustic is not a jewelry-making technique, as it is primarily used for painting, and it does not involve fired clay, which is a different medium altogether.

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After the: Battle of Bunker Hill, King George III closed the door for reconciliation.

The Battle of Bunker Hill took place on June 17, 1775, during the early stages of the American Revolutionary War. The conflict between the American colonies and the British government had been steadily escalating, and this battle marked a significant turning point.

The American forces, led by William Prescott, were initially successful in repelling the British troops commanded by General William Howe. However, due to a lack of ammunition, the Americans eventually retreated, and the British took control of the hill.

Despite the British victory, their casualties were much higher than the Americans', which demonstrated the potential of the colonial forces.

Following this battle, King George III declared the colonies to be in a state of open rebellion and refused to consider any further negotiations for reconciliation. This decision effectively ended any hope of a peaceful resolution to the conflict and solidified the path to a full-scale war for independence.

In response to the Battle of Bunker Hill and the subsequent actions by King George III, the American colonists began to fully commit to the cause of independence, ultimately leading to the drafting and signing of the Declaration of Independence in 1776.

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Answer:  a. Clear border divisions.

Explanation:

One of the most significant legacies of British colonization in India that still affects present-day India is the creation of clear border divisions. The British partitioned India along religious lines in 1947, creating the nations of India and Pakistan.

This partition led to one of the largest migrations in human history, with millions of Hindus and Muslims being forced to leave their homes and move to the other side of the border. The partition resulted in the loss of lives and displacement of people, leading to significant political and social upheavals in both India and Pakistan.

The border divisions also created ongoing tensions between India and Pakistan, resulting in several wars and conflicts. The issue of the disputed region of Kashmir remains unresolved to this day, and the border tensions continue to impact the relationship between the two nations.

Although British colonization in India brought about some positive developments such as the introduction of the railway network, postal services, and the English language, it also had several negative consequences, including the exploitation of resources, suppression of indigenous industries, and the imposition of western education and cultural values. These negative consequences have also had long-lasting impacts on present-day India.

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Answer:

✘ B. Salt

✘ C. Silver

✘ D. Wood

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The French reaction to the German occupation was complex and multifaceted, with some collaborating and others resisting. However, the resistance movement played a crucial role in undermining the German occupation and helping to pave the way for the eventual liberation of France.

The French reaction to the German occupation during World War II varied depending on individual circumstances. Some French citizens collaborated with the German occupation, while others actively resisted it.

However, many French citizens formed a resistance movement to fight against the German occupation. The resistance movement included various groups and individuals, ranging from communists and socialists to conservatives and monarchists, who united in their opposition to the occupation.

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Matthew Perry was an American naval officer who led a diplomatic mission to Japan in 1853-1854, with the goal of establishing trade relations between Japan and the United States.

Perry's trip to Japan had a significant impact on the country, as it marked the end of Japan's policy of isolation and led to the opening of Japan to the rest of the world.

Prior to Perry's arrival, Japan had been isolated from the outside world for over two hundred years, with very limited contact with the West. Perry's mission was the first time in centuries that a Western nation had made an official visit to Japan, and his arrival was met with great curiosity and interest from the Japanese people.

Perry's negotiation with the Japanese authorities led to the signing of the Treaty of Kanagawa in 1854, which opened up two ports for American ships to refuel and resupply. This treaty marked the beginning of a new era in Japan's relations with the West, as it opened the door for other Western nations to establish trade relations with Japan as well.

Overall, Perry's trip to Japan marked a turning point in the country's history, as it helped to end Japan's isolation and set the stage for its rapid modernization and integration into the global community.

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The Pantheon was revolutionary because option b) it was built out of molded concrete, which was a groundbreaking architectural technique at the time of its construction in ancient Rome.

Revolutionary refers to something that brings about a significant and fundamental change in a particular field or aspect of society. It could be an idea, technology, or movement that challenges the status quo and leads to a transformative shift in the way things are done or perceived. Revolutionary ideas or movements often arise in response to social, economic, or political inequalities or injustices, and seek to disrupt established power structures and norms. They can inspire large-scale social and political movements, cultural shifts, and advances in science and technology. Examples of revolutionary movements and ideas include the American Revolution, the feminist movement, the Industrial Revolution, the Internet, and artificial intelligence. These innovations and movements have transformed the world in significant ways, paving the way for new possibilities and opportunities for progress and change.

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Database Naoroji was one of the pioneer Indian Statesman. He came to be known as 'The Grand Old Man of India'. He was born on 4th September,  1825 in a Parsi family of Mumbai.

He was a Parsi intellectual, educator , cotton tender, and an early Indian political leader. He was a Member of Parliament (MP) in the British House of Commons between 1892 and 1895 , and the first Asian to be a British MP.

1. Indian Unofficial Ambassador in England : Dadabai Naoroji sailed for England in 1855 . During his long stay in England , he was looked upon as India's Unofficial Ambassador,  fighting for the cause of his country.

In 1866, he founded the East India Association in London, one of the predecessor organizations of the Indian National Congress.  The main aim of the association was to inform the British of the true states of affairs in India.

2. Political ideas: Dadabai Naoroji founded the Bombay Association  and edited the newspaper, Rost Goftar' . He was against the vernacular Press Act and started a movement against it.

3. His role in Congress: Dadabai  was one of the moving spirits and one of the original founders of the Congress. Dadabai became the Congress President thrice, i .e., in 1866 A.D., 1893 A.D. and 1906 A.D. Dadabai laid the foundation of early nationalists Politics and the principles of Constitutional Agitation.

4. His Economic Ideas :  Dadabhai presented to the British people the "Drain Theory", which put before them the facts and figures illustrating systematic bleeding of the wealth and resources of India through: (a) Salaries payable to the members of the Indian Council, (b) Dispatch of savings to England by British personnel posted in India, (c) Pensions to British Officers, (d) Payments to the War Office for the maintenance of British troops in India, and (e) Profits of the British Trading Agencies.

His ideas were put into a volume called "Poverty and Un-British Rule in India".

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Answer:

The Panic of 1893 was a national economic crisis set off by the collapse of two of the country's largest employers, the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad and the National Cordage Company. Following of the failure of these two companies, a panic erupted on the stock market.

Explanation:

Answer:

The Panic of 1893 was a national economic crisis set off by the collapse of two of the country's largest employers, the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad and the National Cordage Company. Following of the failure of these two companies, a panic erupted on the stock market. The Panic of 1893 has been traced to many causes, one of them pointing to Argentina; investment was encouraged by the Argentine agent bank, Baring Brothers. However, the 1890 wheat crop failure and a failed coup in Buenos Aires ended further investments. In addition, speculations in South African and Australian properties also collapsed. Because European investors were concerned that these problems might spread, they started a run on gold in the U.S. Treasury. Specie was considered more valuable than paper money; when people were uncertain about the future, they hoarded specie and rejected paper notes.

Explanation: