what is the total number of completely filled principal energy levels in an atom of argon in the ground state

Alcohols generally require acid catalysis in order to undergo substitution by nucleophiles. The acid catalyst enhances the reaction by creating a better leaving group. Correct answer is option b.

In an alcohol substitution reaction, the hydroxyl (-OH) group of the alcohol is replaced by a nucleophile (such as a halide ion or an alkoxide ion).

However, the hydroxyl group is a poor leaving group due to its high electronegativity and strong bond to the carbon atom. Acid catalysis helps to make the leaving group better by protonating the oxygen atom of the alcohol, which creates a good leaving group (water).

The protonation also makes the carbon atom more electrophilic and more susceptible to attack by the nucleophile.

Therefore, the acid catalyst enhances the alcohol substitution reaction by creating a better leaving group. Answer: b) creating a better leaving group.

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For the substitution of an epoxide, the SN1 pathway involves the formation of a carbocation intermediate, while the SN2 pathway involves a direct, concerted nucleophilic attack.

Substitution of an epoxide can proceed via an SN1 or an SN2 pathway.

SN1 pathway:
1. Formation of the carbocation intermediate: The epoxide ring opens, and one of the carbon-oxygen bonds breaks, creating a carbocation on the more substituted carbon (more stable) and leaving a negatively charged oxygen atom.
2. Nucleophilic attack: A nucleophile (Nu-) attacks the carbocation, forming a bond between the nucleophile and the carbocation carbon.
3. Deprotonation: If the nucleophile is a neutral species with acidic hydrogen (e.g., water or alcohol), deprotonation occurs, and a stable product is formed.

SN2 pathway:
1. Nucleophilic attack: A nucleophile (Nu-) attacks the less substituted carbon of the epoxide ring from the backside, causing the ring to open.
2. Simultaneous bond breakage: As the nucleophile forms a bond with the less substituted carbon, the carbon-oxygen bond on the other side of the ring breaks, resulting in a stable product with the nucleophile attached to the less substituted carbon.

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2 moles of iron are formed during the reduction of 6 moles of electrons in the reaction. When solving for the product of electrolysis, it is important to consider the number of electrons involved in the reaction.

In this case, we are given that 6 moles of electrons are consumed during the reduction of Fe3+ to form Fe (s). This means that for every mole of Fe3+ reduced, 6 moles of electrons are required.

To determine how many moles of iron are formed, we need to use the balanced equation for the reduction of Fe3+. The equation is:

Fe3+ + 3e- → Fe

From the equation, we can see that for every 3 moles of electrons consumed, 1 mole of Fe is formed. Therefore, if 6 moles of electrons are consumed, we can calculate the number of moles of Fe formed as follows:

6 moles e- × (1 mole Fe / 3 moles e-) = 2 moles Fe

Therefore, 2 moles of iron are formed during the reduction of 6 moles of electrons in the reaction. It is crucial to always consider the stoichiometry of the balanced chemical equation when solving for the product of electrolysis.

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True. The reaction of sodium metal with water to form sodium hydroxide and hydrogen gas is highly exothermic, releasing a large amount of energy.

This reaction is also highly spontaneous, as it has a negative Gibbs free energy change (ΔG).

The spontaneity of the reaction can be explained by the fact that sodium metal has a lower electronegativity than hydrogen or oxygen, so it has a strong tendency to donate its electrons to these atoms to form stable ionic compounds.

The reaction also benefits from the increase in entropy that occurs as the solid sodium metal and liquid water are converted into the aqueous sodium hydroxide and gaseous hydrogen, increasing the disorder of the system.

Overall, the reaction is highly exothermic and spontaneous, making it a useful and commonly used method for producing hydrogen gas.

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The number of deciliters in 2.2 kL or kiloliters is 22,000.

Deciliters and kiloliters are units of measurement of volume. The SI unit of the volume is Liters.

Since the deciliter is a smaller unit than kiloliters that is why their conversion is done through multiplication by the appropriate number by the exponent of 10. To convert kiloliters into deciliters we have to convert it by multiplying the given number by [tex]10^5[/tex].

These conversion units can be described by the formula [tex]n_1u_1=n_2u_2[/tex] where n is the magnitude and u is the unit

Number of deciliters in 1 kL = 10,000

Thus, the number of deciliters in 2.2 kL = 2.2 * 10,000

= 22,000 deciliters

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Answer:

3 moles of aluminum are needed to react completely with 213 g of Cl2.

Explanation:

First, we need to find the number of moles of Cl2 in 213 g.

mass of Cl2 = 213 g

molar mass of Cl2 = 71 g/mol

Number of moles of Cl2 = mass of Cl2/molar mass of Cl2

= 213/71

= 3 moles

Now, from the balanced chemical equation, we know that 2 moles of Al reacts with 3 moles of Cl2 to produce 2 moles of AICI3.

So, to react completely with 3 moles of Cl2, we need (2/3) x 3 = 2 moles of Al.

Therefore, to react completely with 213 g of Cl2, we need 2 moles of Al.

Note:

It is important to use the correct units and molar masses in the calculations to obtain accurate results.

The statement "Compressed gases (class 2) are identified by labels of different colors depending on the danger they represent" is true.

It is because they are flammable, non-flammable, poisonous, corrosive, or compressed gas in general. It is important to handle these gases with caution, as they can pose a danger to human health and safety, as well as the environment. For example, compressed glass cylinders can rupture or explode under certain conditions, which can cause serious injuries or property damage.

Therefore, it is crucial to follow proper handling, storage, and transportation procedures for compressed gases, as well as to wear appropriate personal protective equipment when handling them.

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0.91 moles of H₂ will be produced if 1.82 mol Li reacts according to the given equation.

When 1.82 moles of Li react according to the equation 2Li(s) + 2H₂O(l) → 2LiOH(aq) + H₂(g), you can use the stoichiometry of the balanced equation to determine the moles of H₂ produced.

The balanced equation shows that 2 moles of Li react with 2 moles of H₂O to produce 1 mole of H₂. To find the moles of H₂ produced from 1.82 moles of Li, set up a proportion:

(1.82 moles Li) * (1 mole H2 / 2 moles Li) = 0.91 moles H₂

So, 0.91 moles of H₂ will be produced.

Complete question:

how many moles of h2 will be produced if 1.82 mol li reacts according to the following equation? report your answer to decimal places. do not include units or use scientific notation.

2Li(s) + 2H2O(l) → 2LiOH2(aq)+H2 (g)

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El Nino is a climate pattern that causes warmer than usual ocean temperatures in the tropical Pacific, affecting global weather patterns and reducing the productivity of fisheries off the coast of South America.

What is El Nino and how does it affect global weather patterns and fisheries off the coast of South America?

El Nino is a climate pattern that occurs every few years, typically lasting for several months to a year. It is characterized by warmer than usual ocean temperatures in the central and eastern tropical Pacific, which in turn affects global weather patterns.

During El Nino, winds that normally blow from east to west across the Pacific weaken or even reverse, causing changes in ocean currents and preventing nutrient-rich cold water from rising to the surface. This reduces the productivity of fisheries off the coast of South America and can lead to droughts, floods, and other extreme weather events around the world. The opposite of El Nino is La Nina, which is characterized by cooler than usual ocean temperatures and stronger trade winds.

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In the chemical reaction 2Ag+ H2S --> Ag2S +H2, the reducing agent is b) H2S.

In this reaction, two silver ions (Ag+) gain electrons and are reduced to form silver sulfide (Ag2S). Concurrently, hydrogen sulfide (H2S) loses electrons and is oxidized to form hydrogen gas (H2). A reducing agent is the species that donates electrons in the redox reaction, enabling the reduction of another species. In this case, H2S donates electrons to the silver ions, allowing their reduction.

As a result, H2S is the reducing agent, it is important to recognize the role of each species in a redox reaction to understand the fundamental processes occurring and how they may be influenced by external factors, such as temperature or concentration changes. By identifying the reducing agent, one can gain insights into the electron transfer process and the overall redox reaction mechanism. In the chemical reaction 2Ag+ H2S --> Ag2S +H2, the reducing agent is b) H2S.

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When performing experiments to measure the kcat of an enzyme, the substrate concentration should be saturating. This means that the substrate concentration should be higher than the KM value, which is the substrate concentration at which the enzyme reaction rate is half of its maximum rate.

At saturating substrate concentrations, the enzyme active sites are fully occupied, allowing for the maximum possible reaction rate (kcat) to be measured. If the substrate concentration is too low, the enzyme will not be working at its maximum rate and kcat cannot be accurately measured.

Therefore, a saturating substrate concentration is necessary to measure kcat accurately.

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Muscarinic agonists are a class of drugs that stimulate the activity of the parasympathetic nervous system by binding to muscarinic acetylcholine receptors.

They should not be used in patients with certain medical conditions such as glaucoma, urinary tract obstruction, or gastrointestinal obstruction. In glaucoma, muscarinic agonists can cause pupil constriction and increase intraocular pressure, worsening the condition.

In urinary or gastrointestinal obstruction, muscarinic agonists can increase smooth muscle contraction, exacerbating the obstruction.

Muscarinic agonists should also be used with caution in patients with asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) as they can cause bronchoconstriction and worsen respiratory symptoms. Patients with a history of allergy to muscarinic agonists should also avoid these drugs.

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Unfortunately, the correct answer is not among the given options (a, b, c, d). The calculated delta S_rxn for the given balanced chemical equation is -594.4 J/mol K.

To calculate delta S_rxn for the balanced chemical equation 2 PCl3(l) + O2(g) → 2POCl3(l), we will use the standard entropies provided.

Step 1: Determine the total entropy of reactants:
Total entropy of reactants = (2 × entropy of PCl3 liquid) + entropy of O2 gas
Total entropy of reactants = (2 × 217.1) + 205.2
Total entropy of reactants = 434.2 + 205.2
Total entropy of reactants = 639.4 J/mol K

Step 2: Determine the total entropy of products:
Total entropy of products = 2 × entropy of POCl3 liquid
Total entropy of products = 2 × 22.5
Total entropy of products = 45 J/mol K

Step 3: Calculate delta S_rxn:
Delta S_rxn = Total entropy of products - Total entropy of reactants
Delta S_rxn = 45 - 639.4
Delta S_rxn = -594.4 J/mol K

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The statement "Since heat must be supplied to melt ice, the melting of ice is an endothermic process and so has a positive enthalpy value" is true.

True. The melting of ice is an endothermic process because heat must be supplied to overcome the intermolecular forces holding the solid ice together and to break the bonds between the ice molecules. The melting of ice is an endothermic process because heat is absorbed from the surroundings to break the bonds between water molecules in the ice, allowing them to transition from a solid to a liquid state. As a result, the enthalpy change for this process is positive, indicating that energy has been absorbed.

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An unknown vapor had a mass of 0.846g the volume was 354 cm3, pressure 752 torr and temp 100 degrees c. The molar mass of the unknown vapor is 69.92 g/mol.

Given:

Mass = 0.846 g

Volume = 354 cm³

= 0.354 L

(since 1 L = 1000 cm³)

Pressure = 752 torr

Temperature = 100 degrees Celsius

= 373.15 K

1 atm = 760 torr

Pressure = 752 torr / 760 torr/atm

= 0.9895 atm

PV = nRT

Where:

P = Pressure

V = Volume

n = Number of moles

R = Ideal gas constant

T = Temperature

Rearrange the ideal gas law equation to solve for n (number of moles)

n = PV / RT

Substituting the given values:

n = (0.9895 atm) (0.354 L) / [(0.0821 L·atm/(mol·K))(373.15 K)]

n = 0.0121 moles

Molar mass (M) = Mass / Number of moles

M = 0.846 g / 0.0121 mol

M = 69.92 g/mol

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It is advisable to gradually add the aqueous solution to the organic mixture while stirring constantly to guarantee thorough mixing and avoid the creation of separate layers in order to avoid these issues.

In chemistry, a material is referred to as a Mixture when two or more chemicals combine without undergoing a chemical reaction.

Adding an aqueous solution directly to a mixture that contains organic compounds (such as the mixture described in the question) can cause several problems.

Firstly, water and organic solvents (such as ether) are immiscible, which means they do not mix together. This can result in the formation of two separate layers in the mixture, with the organic compounds remaining in the ether layer and the aqueous solution forming a separate layer on top.

Secondly, if the organic compounds are sensitive to water or reactive with water, adding an aqueous solution directly to the mixture can cause chemical reactions that alter the properties of the compounds. For example, water can hydrolyze esters or amides, which can result in the formation of new compounds and the loss of the original compounds.

Therefore, to avoid these problems, it is best to add the aqueous solution to the organic mixture slowly, with constant stirring, to ensure thorough mixing and prevent the formation of separate layers. This process is known as gradual addition or partitioning, and it is commonly used in organic chemistry to separate mixtures of organic compounds.

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The buffer made by the second student is better able to maintain a stable pH in the presence of strong acid or strong base compared to the buffer made by the first student.

The buffer made by the second student is more resistant to changes in pH when a strong acid or strong base is added. This is because the second student's buffer has a higher concentration of the weak acid HNO₂ and its conjugate base NO₂⁻, which means there are more buffer molecules present to react with the added strong acid or strong base. Additionally, the second student's buffer has a higher initial pH due to the presence of the NaNO₂ salt, which increases the concentration of the conjugate base in the solution.

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Pine's method involves visualizing a dog standing on its hind legs with its front legs stretched out to the sides, representing the two substituents on the anomeric carbon in Fischer projection.

Pine's method of drawing a dog to convert from Fischer to Haworth is a mnemonic device that helps to simplify the process of converting between the two representations of cyclic sugars. The dog's head represents the O atom in the ring, while its tail represents the CH2OH group. By rotating the dog counterclockwise by 90 degrees and then flipping it over, the Haworth representation can be obtained, with the head of the dog now pointing downwards and the tail pointing upwards. The dog's hind legs represent the two substituents on the anomeric carbon in the Haworth projection. Overall, Pine's method provides an easy and memorable way to convert between Fischer and Haworth projections.

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If 5.0 mol of the CO₂ are produced, the number of the moles of the O₂ were reacted is 10 mol. The correct option is a. none of these.

The chemical equation is as :

CH₄ + 2O₂ → CO₂ + 2H₂O

The number of the moles of the CO₂ = 5 mol

The number of the moles of the CO₂ = mas / molar mass

The molar mass of the CO₂ = 44 g/mol

The 2 moles of the O₂ produced by the 1 mole of the CO₂

The number of the moles of the O₂ = 2 × 5 mol

The number of the moles of the O₂ = 10 mol.

The number of the moles of the O₂ required to produced 5 mol of the CO₂ is the 10 mol of the O₂. The correct option is a.

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The incorrect statement is option D, which states that there are two carbon-containing intermediates in the mechanism of electrophilic aromatic substitution. In fact, there is only one carbon-containing intermediate, which is the carbanionic intermediate.

FeBr3 acts as a Lewis acid and increases the electrophilicity of Br2 by polarizing the Br-Br bond. The formation of the sigma complex, where the benzene ring attacks the electrophilic Br2, is the rate-determining step of the mechanism.

The carbanionic intermediate formed after the departure of Br- is stabilized by resonance, making it more stable than other possible intermediates. The final step of the mechanism involves the loss of a proton (H+) from the carbanion, which restores the aromaticity of the benzene ring, resulting in the substitution product.

Understanding the mechanism of electrophilic aromatic substitution is crucial in organic chemistry as it is one of the fundamental reactions for the synthesis of many important aromatic compounds.

The knowledge of the reaction mechanism helps chemists to optimize the reaction conditions and design new compounds with desired properties.

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The three uncharged, aromatic side chain amino acids are phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan. These amino acids have aromatic side chains, which means they contain a ring of atoms with alternating single and double bonds. Despite having these distinct side chains, they are uncharged, making them unique among other amino acids.

Phenylalanine (Phe or F) is an essential amino acid, which means that it cannot be synthesized by the body and must be obtained from the diet. It is one of the 20 standard amino acids that are used by cells to build proteins.

The side chain of tryptophan is an indole group, which is an aromatic group consisting of a six-carbon ring fused to a five-carbon nitrogen-containing ring. This side chain gives tryptophan its characteristic aromatic properties and makes it important for protein structure and function.

Tyrosine is also a precursor for several important molecules in the body, including the neurotransmitters dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine, which are important for brain function and mood regulation. It is also a precursor for the thyroid hormones, which are important for regulating metabolism and growth.

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False. The percent yield of a reaction is calculated by dividing the actual yield by the theoretical yield and multiplying by 100%.

In this case, the percent yield would be calculated as (72 g/144 g) x 100% = 50%. A percent yield greater than 100% is not possible as it implies that more product was obtained than was predicted by the balanced chemical equation.

This could occur if there were errors in the measurements or if additional reactions occurred that produced more product than expected.

However, in most cases, a percent yield greater than 100% indicates an error in the calculation or a misunderstanding of the concept. It is important to note that percent yield can never be greater than 100%.

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The amount of heat needed to melt 35.0 g of ice at 0°C is 0.0117 kJ, by using the equation q = m * ΔHfus.

Heat of fusion (ΔHfus) is the amount of heat energy required to change a substance from its solid state to its liquid state, or vice versa, without any change in temperature. It is the amount of energy required to overcome the intermolecular forces holding the particles in a solid together and allow them to move more freely as a liquid.

To calculate the amount of heat needed to melt 35.0 g of ice at 0°C, we need to use the following equation: q = m * ΔHfus

where q is the amount of heat needed, m is the mass of the substance being melted (in grams), and ΔHfus is the heat of fusion, which is the amount of heat required to melt one gram of a substance. For water, the heat of fusion is 334 J/g.

First, we need to convert the mass of ice from grams to kilograms:

m = 35.0 g = 0.035 kg

Upon substituting the values into the equation:

q = 0.035 kg * 334 J/g = 11.69 J

However, the question asks us to express our answer in kilojoules, so we need to convert J to kJ by dividing by 1000:

q = 11.69 J ÷ 1000 = 0.0117 kJ

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The chemical formula for iron(II) phosphate is (D) Fe₃(PO₄)₂.

Three iron(II) ions (Fe2+) and two phosphate ions (PO₄3-) with a negative three charge combine to form the inorganic molecule known as iron(II) phosphate. While "iron(III)" suggests a +3 oxidation state, the prefix "iron(II)" indicates that the iron ions have a +2 oxidation state.

One phosphorus atom and four oxygen atoms make up the polyatomic ion known as the phosphate, or PO₄3-. Two phosphate ions, each with a charge of -3 in iron(II) phosphate, counterbalance the three iron(II) ions' +6 charges.

Iron(II) phosphate is a compound made up of three iron(II) ions and two phosphate ions, as shown by its chemical formula, Fe₃(PO₄)₂. There are two phosphate ions present, as indicated by the subscript 2 following the parenthesis.

White or light green in color, iron(II) phosphate is a solid that is only weakly soluble in water. It can be made by combining sodium phosphate or ammonium phosphate with iron(II) chloride or iron(II) sulfate. As a food supplement, in the production of ceramics and fertilizers, as a building block for other iron compounds, and in other applications, iron(II) phosphate is frequently employed.

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When the stopper is removed, CH₄ (methane) will diffuse the fastest among the four gases in the flask because CH₄ has the lowest molar mass at 16 g/mol.

When considering the rate of diffusion for gases, we can use Graham's Law of Effusion, which states that the rate of diffusion of a gas is inversely proportional to the square root of its molar mass. In other words, lighter gases diffuse faster than heavier gases.

Let's compare the molar masses of the four gases: CH₄ (methane), O₂ (oxygen), C₂H₅ (ethyl radical), and N₂ (nitrogen).

1. CH₄: 12 (C) + 4 (H) = 16 g/mol
2. O₂: 16 (O) × 2 = 32 g/mol
3. C₂H₅: 2 (C) × 12 + 5 (H) = 29 g/mol
4. N₂: 14 (N) × 2 = 28 g/mol

Based on the molar masses, CH₄ has the lowest molar mass at 16 g/mol. Therefore, when the stopper is removed, CH₄ (methane) will diffuse the fastest among the four gases in the flask.

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Answer: gas liquid solid

Explanation:

To identify the unknown acid, we can use a titration experiment with a strong base like [tex]NaOH[/tex], and determine the amount of acid present based on the amount of base required to neutralize it.

In the original experiment, 0.200 M of the unknown acid was used with 0.100 M [tex]NaOH[/tex]. If we assume that the volume of the unknown acid used was the same as the volume of [tex]NaOH[/tex] used, we can determine the number of moles of the unknown acid used in the experiment.

Then, using the molarity of the unknown acid and the number of moles used, we can determine the volume of the unknown acid. If the stockroom made an error and provided 0.100 M of the unknown acid instead of 0.200 M, we need to double the volume of the unknown acid used in our calculations.

Once we have determined the volume of the unknown acid used in the experiment, we can compare it to the molar masses of the three possible acids ([tex]HCl[/tex], [tex]H_{2} SO_{4}[/tex], and [tex]H_{3}PO_{4}[/tex]) to see which one matches the closest.

For example, if the volume of the unknown acid used in the original experiment was 50 mL, the moles of the acid present would be:

Moles of unknown acid = (0.200 M) x (0.050 L)

                                       = 0.010 mol

If we correct for the error and double the volume of the acid used, we get:

Moles of unknown acid = (0.100 M) x (0.100 L) x 2

                                       = 0.020 mol

Now, we can compare the actual molarity of the unknown acid (0.100 M after the error is corrected) and the number of moles used (0.020 mol) to the molar masses of the three possible acids ([tex]HCl[/tex], [tex]H_{2} SO_{4}[/tex], and [tex]H_{3}PO_{4}[/tex]) to see which one matches the closest. The actual identity of the acid can then be determined based on which acid matches the closest.

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The first order of reaction has a half-life equation of t½ = 0.693/k. option (b)

The half-life equation for a reaction is given by t½ = 0.693/k, where k is the rate constant. The order of reaction can be determined by examining the dependence of the rate on the concentration of reactants. For a zeroth-order reaction, the rate is independent of the concentration of reactants, while for a first-order reaction, the rate is proportional to the concentration of a single reactant.

For a second-order reaction, the rate is proportional to the square of the concentration of a single reactant or to the product of the concentrations of two reactants.

Since the half-life equation for a first-order reaction is t½ = ln(2)/k, and the half-life equation given is t½ = 0.693/k, we can conclude that the given half-life equation is for a first-order reaction. Therefore, the answer is (B) First.

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