Jacob Riis, a journalist and social reformer, documented the living conditions of New York City's tenements in the late 19th century. In his book, "How the Other Half Lives," Riis noted that in the areas he surveyed, there was approximately "one church for every five saloons." This ratio became known as the "unofficial ratio" of churches-to-saloons in New York City.
Riis was critical of the abundance of saloons in impoverished areas and their adverse effects on the community, including increased poverty, crime, and alcoholism. He argued that more churches were needed to influence and support residents positively.
While Riis' calculations may have been vague, his documentation shed light on the disparities and issues facing urban areas in the late 1800s. Today, the ratio of churches-to-saloons is likely different in New York City. Still, community support and positive influences remain crucial for improving living conditions and reducing social issues.
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In the 1950s the centers of many cities deteriorated as middle class families leaving the city deprived urban areas of _____________.
In the 1950s the centers of many cities deteriorated as middle-class families left the city-deprived urban areas of _Tax dollars.
The middle-class tax dollars that went to the suburbs caused the centers of many American cities to deteriorate. In the late 1950s, almost 40 million Americans lived in poverty and the poverty rate was approximately 22%. The rate steadily decreased to 11.1% in 1973 and increased three times to 15% in 1983, 1993, and 2011 – before hitting an all-time low of 10.5% in 2019.
TAX US. is the money collected in the form of taxes and it is often used to talk about government spending: federal/local/state tax dollars The campaign was funded largely through local tax dollars. The source of tax dollars is Federal Revenue. Tax dollars are supposed to be used for Social Security, Medicare, Medicaid, and Veterans Affairs benefits and services.
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how was roosevelt both a progressive reformer and a conservative as evidenced in this speech?
Roosevelt was both a progressive reformer and a conservative, as evidenced in his speech on the New Nationalism.
As a progressive reformer, he advocated for social and economic reforms, including a minimum wage, an eight-hour workday, and women's suffrage. He also believed in regulating big business to prevent monopolies and ensure fair competition. On the other hand, as a conservative, he emphasized the importance of individual responsibility and self-reliance. He believed that the government should not interfere too much in the economy and that individuals should have the freedom to pursue their own interests.
He also believed in a strong national defense and a strict interpretation of the Constitution. In his speech, he sought to reconcile these seemingly opposing views by arguing that the government should be an active participant in promoting social and economic reforms while still respecting individual rights and freedoms. He believed that the government should be a "steward of the public welfare" but should also "exercise caution in the use of governmental power." Overall, Roosevelt's New Nationalism speech reflects his complex and nuanced views on government and society.
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How did transcendentalost authors contribute to the growth of the spirit of reform in America
Answer:
Explanation:
Transcendentalists added to the spirit of reform by urging people to question society's rules and institutions. Do not conform to others' expectations, they said. If you want to find God--and your own true self--look to nature and the "God within."
The authors contributed to the growth of the spirit of reform in America by promoting individualism, self-reliance and search for truth through personal experience and intuition.
How did the ideas promote the spirit of reform in America?The authors encouraged people to look within themselves for answers rather than relying on external sources of authority. This emphasis on individualism and self-reliance helped to inspire social and political reform movements such as abolitionism, women's rights, environmentalism etc.
The ideals also emphasis on the inherent goodness of human nature and the importance of personal experience and intuition helped to undermine the rigid Calvinist doctrine that had dominated American religious thought for centuries.
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Write a report on the reasons China, Japan, and Russia wanted to control Korea. Minimum 3 paragraphs explaining each reason.
Answer:
For centuries before the division, the peninsula was a single, unified Korea, ruled by generations of dynastic kingdoms. Occupied by Japan The war grew out of conflict between the two countries for supremacy in Korea. Korea had long been China's most important client state, but its strategic location opposite the Japanese islands and its natural resources of coal and iron attracted Japan's interest. The areas of historical tension between South Korea and Japan range widely, including over the name of the body of water separating Japan and the Korean Peninsula (Sea of Japan or East Sea); sovereignty over a group of rocky islets between the two countries (Dokdo/Takeshima); the legality of Japan's colonization
Explanation:
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early american cities witnessed most americans to work. group of answer choices walking riding horses riding in wagons taking public trains
In early American cities, the most common modes of transportation for Americans to get to work included walking, riding horses,
riding in wagons, and taking public trains.
Walking was a popular option for many people, especially those living close to their workplace.
It was cost-effective and accessible for most individuals.
Riding horses was another method of transportation for those who could afford to own and maintain a horse.
Horses provided a faster and more efficient way to travel compared to walking, allowing people to cover greater distances in shorter amounts of time.
Riding in wagons was another option for individuals and families, particularly in rural areas where distances between destinations were longer.
Wagons, drawn by horses or oxen, allowed people to transport goods and travel together, making it a convenient choice for many.
Taking public trains became increasingly popular as industrialization progressed and cities expanded. Trains offered a fast, reliable, and affordable mode of transportation, especially for those living farther away from their workplace.
Public trains connected cities and towns, allowing workers to commute to urban centers where job opportunities were more abundant.
In summary, early American cities witnessed most Americans traveling to work using various modes of transportation, such as walking, riding horses, riding in wagons, and taking public trains.
Each method had its advantages and was suitable for different needs and circumstances.
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What kind of help to women and mothers did the National socialist government give to promote having children?
The National socialist government launched number of policies to help women and mothers in order to promote having children.
In the 1930s and the first few years of the 1940s, the Adolf Hitler-led National Socialist government in Germany implemented a number of measures to encourage motherhood and raise the birthrate. Young couples were given loans from the government at no interest to help them start homes and families.
A medal was given to mothers who had had four or more children. It was regarded as a social status symbol and a badge of honor. The government provided free medical care for expectant mothers and new mothers, as well as financial assistance for child care and raising children.
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the colonial clergy failed to support the cause of independence during the buildup to revolution. group of answer choices true false
The statement "the colonial clergy failed to support the cause of independence during the buildup to revolution" is mostly false because while it is true that some members of the colonial clergy did not actively support the cause of independence, there were also many who did.
In fact, the role of the clergy in promoting revolutionary ideals cannot be overlooked. Many ministers gave fiery sermons in support of colonial rights and liberties, and some even became leaders of the revolutionary movement. Examples include the Presbyterian minister John Witherspoon, who was a signer of the Declaration of Independence, and the Congregationalist minister Samuel Adams, who played a key role in organizing the Boston Tea Party.
Additionally, many of the men who served as chaplains in the Continental Army were ministers. While it is important to acknowledge that not all members of the clergy supported the cause of independence, it is inaccurate to suggest that the colonial clergy as a whole failed to do so.
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during the first year of the revolution in new england, the group of answer choices british decided to evacuate boston. numbers and influence of loyalists increased. numbers of army recruits steadily declined. residents experienced widespread loss of life and property.
During the first year of the American Revolution in New England, the British decided to evacuate Boston due to strategic reasons. This decision led to a series of consequences for the residents of the region.
The numbers and influence of Loyalists, or those who remained loyal to the British Crown, increased as they sought to maintain their political and social standing.
However, the numbers of army recruits steadily declined during this time. This can be attributed to various factors, such as the uncertainty of the war's outcome, personal safety concerns, and the commitment required to serve in the military.
As a result, the recruitment of soldiers became a significant challenge for the revolutionary forces.
In addition to these changes in the political and military landscape, the residents of New England also experienced widespread loss of life and property.
The ongoing conflict between the revolutionary forces and the British army led to battles, skirmishes, and raids that devastated local communities. Homes and businesses were destroyed, and many civilians lost their lives in the violence.
In summary, during the first year of the revolution in New England, the British decided to evacuate Boston, leading to an increase in the numbers and influence of Loyalists. At the same time, the numbers of army recruits steadily declined, and residents experienced widespread loss of life and property due to the ongoing conflict.
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Why was the half-way covenant dangerous to the congregationalist churches in New England?
The Half-Way Covenant was dangerous to the Congregationalist churches in New England because it threatened to undermine their spiritual and social cohesion.
The Half-Way Covenant was a religious and political compromise introduced in the 1660s by some Congregationalist ministers in New England.
It allowed the children of baptized but unconverted members to be baptized and admitted to the church as "halfway" members, who could participate in church services and receive some sacraments but could not vote in church affairs or take communion.
The Half-Way Covenant was controversial because it loosened the requirements for full church membership and weakened the distinction between the elect and the unconverted.
The Puritan colonists had come to New England in the 17th century to establish a godly society based on a covenant relationship with God. The Puritans believed that only the elect were worthy of full church membership, and they practiced strict church discipline to maintain the purity of the church.
The Half-Way Covenant challenged this ideal by allowing the children of unconverted members to be baptized and admitted to the church. This compromise weakened the spiritual integrity of the church and opened the door to the admission of unconverted members, who might dilute the religious fervor of the congregation.
Moreover, the Half-Way Covenant was a political issue as well. The Congregationalist churches in New England were also the centers of political power, and church membership conferred important social privileges, such as the right to vote and hold public office.
The Half-Way Covenant threatened to dilute the political power of the Puritan elite by allowing more people to participate in church affairs.
The controversy over the Half-Way Covenant contributed to the decline of the Congregationalist churches in New England in the 18th century, as dissenters and new religious movements challenged their authority and spiritual vitality.
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What happens to Daoud Khan, and what is the result, according to Abdul Qader?
Daoud Khan was killed. The result, according to Abdul Qader a revolutionary council of armed forces has been established.
Mohammad Daoud Khan was an Afghan politician who was Prime Minister of Afghanistan from 1953 to 1963, leader of the 1973 Afghan coup that overthrew the king, and Prime Minister of Afghanistan from 1973 to 1978. It is known for its autonomy, education and social change. Social and economic reforms implemented under his rule were successful, but his foreign policy led to tensions with neighboring countries. He was exiled and killed in the 1978 Afghan coup led by the Afghan army and the Communist Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA). His body was found 30 years later and was identified by the very little Quran gold he carried with him.
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Who is most associated with the government plan known as the New Deal?
O Franklin Roosevelt
O Adolf Hitler
O Benito Mussolini
O Joseph Stalin
The most associated with the government plan known as the New Deal is Franklin Roosevelt
Who can be associated with the New Deal ?It should be noted that Roosevelt led the implementation of the New Deal, however this ca be seen as the series of programs designed to provide relief, recovery, as well a reform to Americans and the American economy during the Great Depression.
In conclusion, U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal (1933–39) bring about the immediate economic relief which bring about reforms to stabilize the economy.
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What did Kerry think threatens the United States in Vietnam? Kerry's speech on April 22, 1971
Presently we are informed that the ones who battled there should observe unobtrusively while American lives are lost so we can practice the amazing presumption of Vietnamizing the Vietnamese.
How did US soldiers treat Vietnamese civilians, according to John Kerry's 1971 testimony?John Kerry described cases in which they had by and by assaulted, cut off ears, cut off heads, taped wires from convenient phones to human privates and turned up the power, cut off appendages, exploded bodies, haphazardly took shots at regular folks, flattened towns in a way suggestive of Genghis Khan, shot cows and canines for no particular reason, harmed food supplies, and by and large desolated the field of South Vietnam notwithstanding the common desolates of war .
This investigation is referred to as the "Winter Soldier Investigation." In 1776, Thomas Paine used the phrase "Winter Soldier" to refer to the Sunshine Patriot and summertime soldiers who deserted at Valley Forge because the terrain was difficult.
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american loyalists during the revolution group of answer choices lived mostly in and around the city of boston. received generous compensation from england for their losses. numbered fewer than 10,000 people. were most numerous around new york city.
American loyalists during the revolution were most numerous around new york city. The correct option is D.
During the American Revolution, the Loyalists, also known as Tories, were those who remained loyal to the British Crown and opposed the American Patriots' push for independence. The American Loyalists were most numerous around New York City for several reasons:
Strategic Importance: New York City was a strategically important location during the American Revolution, as it was the center of trade, commerce, and communication between the British and their colonies in North America.
Large Population: New York City had a large population, and many of its residents were wealthy and well-connected merchants who had strong business ties to Great Britain.
Thus, the ideal selection is option D.
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What was one cause of the stock market crash of 1929 and the Great Depression that followed?
1. Costs associated with World War I had bankrupted the economy.
2. Speculators had purchased shares of stock on margin with borrowed funds.
3. Federal tax cuts had caused high inflation.
4.Low farm production had weakened banks.
4.Banks had been weakened by low farm productivity.
When the stock market fell in 1929, the Roaring Twenties came to an abrupt end, triggering the Great Depression and a roughly 90% decline in the Dow.
What was one of the factors that led to the 1929 stock market crash and the Great Depression?The lengthy period of speculation that preceded the 1929 Wall Street crash was a major contributing factor. During this time, millions of people invested their savings or borrowed funds to purchase stocks, driving prices to unsustainable levels.
What were the main causes of the financial crisis in 1929?Equities were considerably overvalued at that point as a result of declining production and rising unemployment. There were other other reasons that contributed to the stock market catastrophe.
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The War Hawks believed the United States' war with Britain would ultimately serve as a way to
A. strengthen economic ties with France.
B. provide incentive for Americans to settle in Canada.
C. create a powerful new alliance with American Indians.
D. restore national honor with a military victory.
The War Hawks believed the United States' war with Britain would ultimately serve as a way to restore national honor with a military victory.
Option D is correct.
Why did the War Hawks wish for war?To stop the alleged British instigation of American Indians against American settlers and to punish Britain for harming American prestige, the War Hawks called for war against Britain. But their primary goal was to take control of British Canada, which was still under the King of England's control.
What was the way of thinking of the Warhawks?The British support for Indian hostilities against Northwest settlers angered the War Hawks. They hoped to wrest Florida from Spain, Britain's ally, and assert American dignity through war with England.
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What was the only acceptable excuse for missing Sunday church services in the New England Colonies
In the New England Colonies, the only acceptable excuse for missing Sunday church services were illness or long distance travel.
Church attendance was a major part of everyday life and being absent on Sundays was taken seriously. If people were ill and unable to attend, they were provided with a letter from their doctor certifying the illness. If travel was required, individuals needed to present proof or a letter from their supervisor if their workplace was out of town.
In some cases, ministers would also grant permission due to an emergency situation or special event that could not be avoided. Despite these allowances, most citizens in the New England Colonies attended church every week without fail.
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What import from Europeans wiped out as many as nine-tenths of the Native American population?
The import from Europeans got out upwards of nine-tenths free from the Local American populace Disease. option (A) is correct.
Maybe the single most prominent effect of European colonization on the North American climate was the presentation of infection. Organisms to which local occupants had no invulnerability caused affliction and passed wherever Europeans settled.
European pilgrims carried these new infections with them when they settled, and the ailments wrecked the Local Americans — by certain evaluations killing as much as 90% of their populace. That implies around 55 million individuals died in light of brutality and never-before-seen microorganisms like smallpox, measles, and flu.
Therefore, option (A) is correct.
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This question is not complete, Here I am attaching the complete question:
What import from Europeans wiped out as many as nine-tenths of the Native American population?
a. Disease
b. Cannons
c. Colonists
d. Horses
Why doesn't Amadou try to escape like Khadija does
In "Bitter Side of Sweet," Amadou does not attempt to escape like Khadija does because he is afraid of the consequences. Amadou is aware of the dangers of the forest and the fact that the bosses will harm anyone who tries to escape.
He has also seen what happens to those who are caught, including being beaten and even killed.
Furthermore, Amadou feels responsible for his younger brother Seydou, who he has been caring for since their parents passed away.
He knows that if he attempts to escape and fails, Seydou will be left alone with no one to protect him.
Therefore, Amadou chooses to stay and continue working on the cocoa farm despite the harsh conditions and lack of freedom.
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The expansion of the Chinese and Russian empires into the steppe lands of central Asia led to what result for the nomadic peoples native to this vast area?
The expansion of the Chinese and Russian empires into Central Asia led to the displacement and subjugation of the nomadic peoples native to the region.
The nomadic peoples of central Asia, such as the Mongols, Kazakhs, and Uzbeks, had long inhabited the vast steppe lands of the region. However, with the expansion of the Chinese and Russian empires into the area in the 17th and 18th centuries, these nomadic peoples were forced to give up their traditional way of life and either assimilate into the new empires or face subjugation and displacement.
This led to significant cultural, social, and political changes for the native peoples of central Asia and had a lasting impact on the region's history and development.
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What was the innovation by Edward Bok, Ladies Home Journal editor, termed "running over into the back"?
The innovation by Edward Bok, Ladies Home Journal editor, termed "running over into the back" was the introduction of continuous articles that started on one page and continued onto another, usually at the back of the magazine.
This concept was revolutionary at the time, as it allowed for longer, more in-depth articles to be featured without taking up prime space at the front of the publication.
This innovation enabled the Ladies Home Journal to provide its readers with a richer, more varied content experience.
By utilizing the "running over into the back" technique, Edward Bok was able to satisfy advertisers and readers alike, ultimately making the magazine more appealing and successful.
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One of the suggested purposes for Paleolithic cave paintings is thought to have been:
a. decoration for the cave
b. insurance for the survival of the herd
c. the creation myth of the tribal chief
d. a record of the previous season's skills
One of the suggested purposes for Paleolithic cave paintings is thought to have been insurance for the survival of the herd. The correct option is b. insurance for the survival of the herd.
The paintings depict various animals that were hunted by the tribes and were essential for their survival. By depicting these animals on the cave walls, the tribes were able to establish a connection with the animals and possibly even honor them. This could have been seen as a way of asking for the animals' protection and ensuring a successful hunt in the future.
Furthermore, the paintings could have acted as a form of education for younger members of the tribe, showing them which animals were important and how to hunt them. Additionally, the paintings could have been used for ritual purposes, as the tribe may have believed that by painting the animals they were able to connect with their spiritual essence. Overall, while the purpose of Paleolithic cave paintings may not be fully understood, their depiction of essential animals suggests that they played a crucial role in the survival of the tribes.
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How many men did Santa Anna lose at the Battle of the Alamo?
During the Battle of the Alamo, Santa Anna, the leader of the Mexican army, lost around 600 men. This was a significant loss for the Mexican army, as they were up against a much smaller force of around 200 Texan soldiers.
The battle took place from February 23 to March 6, 1836, and ended with a Mexican victory. The loss of so many men was a blow to Santa Anna's army, and it had an impact on the rest of the conflict. The Texans, though they ultimately lost the battle, were able to hold out for 13 days against a much larger and better-equipped army.
This gave them a sense of pride and determination, and ultimately helped them to win the war for independence.The Battle of the Alamo is a significant event in American history, and it has been celebrated and commemorated in many ways over the years.
While the loss of life on both sides was significant, it is important to remember the sacrifices that were made by those who fought for their beliefs and their freedom.
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• exercising regularly• keeping a journal• finding emotional supportAll of the activities are examples of
Answer: Being Healthy Personality
Explanation: Exercising is essential for our body.It keep our body fit and calm.Keeping journal reminad us what to do for day.This will create emotional support when we write our words on paper.
City of Machu Picchu Central highlands, Peru. Inka. c. 1450-1540 C.E. Granite (architectural complex)The site contains housing for elites, retainers, and maintenance staff, religious shrines, fountains, and terraces, as well as carved rock outcrops, a signature element of Inka art.
The City of Machu Picchu, built by the Inka in the Central highlands of Peru, is a remarkable architectural complex made of granite that served as a sacred and administrative center.
The Inka built Machu Picchu around 1450-1540 C.E. in the Central highlands of Peru, and it served as a sacred and administrative center. The site contains various elements, such as housing for elites, retainers, and maintenance staff, religious shrines, fountains, and terraces. Carved rock outcrops are a signature element of Inka art and can be found throughout the site, highlighting their exceptional carving skills.
The City of Machu Picchu is a testament to Inka's impressive engineering and architectural skills, as the site is located on a steep ridge between two mountains and is designed to withstand earthquakes. The use of granite and the skillful crafting of the stonework is a testament to their mastery of stone.
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What is the theory of war making and state making?
The theory of war making and state making, also known as the bellicist theory, suggests that the process of state formation is closely tied to warfare and military competition.
According to this theory, states develop their political structures, administrative capacities, and centralized power primarily to engage in military conflicts and defend their territories.
War making promotes state making by necessitating the development of strong and effective institutions, taxation systems, and bureaucracies to support the war effort.
In turn, these developments contribute to the formation of a more unified, cohesive, and well-governed state, which is better equipped to address both internal and external threats.
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the victorian shift in attitudes toward africa described by ferguson in source 1 was most strongly connected to which nineteenth-century development?
The Victorian shift in attitudes towards Africa, as described by Ferguson in Source 1, was most strongly connected to the rise of European imperialism and colonialism in the nineteenth century.
During this period, European powers were expanding their empires and seeking to exert control over territories around the world, including in Africa. This led to a shift in attitudes towards Africa, as Europeans began to view the continent as a source of raw materials, markets, and potential colonies.
As Ferguson notes, this shift in attitudes was also influenced by cultural factors, such as the rise of social Darwinism and the belief in European racial superiority. These attitudes were reinforced by European explorers and missionaries, who often portrayed Africa as a savage and backward continent in need of European intervention and guidance.
Overall, the Victorian shift in attitudes towards Africa was closely tied to the broader historical context of European imperialism and colonialism in the nineteenth century, as well as cultural factors such as social Darwinism and racial superiority.
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The Temple of Minerva was mainly made out of:
a. Tufa and travertine
b. Tufa and granite
c. Tufa and terracotta
d. Tufa and marble
The Temple of Minerva (also known as the Temple of Veii) was mainly made out of tufa and terracotta. Therefore the correct option is option C.
The Temple of Minerva is an ancient Etruscan temple in Veii, Italy, and is one of the best-preserved specimens of Etruscan architecture.
Tufa, a type of volcanic rock, was used to build the temple's foundation and substructure, while terracotta was utilised for the decorative components, such as the roof tiles, antefixes, and sculptures.
The temple's walls were additionally adorned with colourful ceramic reliefs depicting events from Etruscan mythology and daily life. Therefore the correct option is option C.
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What huge event occured in Spain before WW2? What was its significance?
One significant event that occurred in Spain before World War II was the Spanish Civil War, which took place from 1936 to 1939. It resulted in the establishment of a fascist dictatorship under Franco, which lasted until his death in 1975 which leads to World War II. It also impacted the artistic and literary community.
The Spanish Civil war was fought between the Republicans, who were loyal to the democratic government, and the Nationalists, who were led by General Francisco Franco and were supported by fascist Italy and Nazi Germany occurred in Spain before World War II.
The Spanish Civil War had significant implications for Spain and Europe as a whole, as it established dictatorship under Franco.
The war also served as a precursor to World War II, as fascist powers used it as an opportunity to test their military strategies and equipment. It also led to the formation of the International Brigades, a group of international volunteers who fought on the side of the Republicans and became a symbol of international solidarity against fascism.
Additionally, the war had a profound impact on the literary and artistic community, as many writers and artists participated in or were affected by the conflict, including Pablo Picasso, George Orwell, and Ernest Hemingway.
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What was the system of imperial rule set by the Parliament in 1858 called?a. British Tajb. British Majc. British Rajd. British Imperial India
The system of imperial rule set by the Parliament in 1858 was called c. British Raj.
The British Raj was the period of British colonial rule in India, which lasted from 1858 to 1947. It began after the Indian Rebellion of 1857, which led to the dissolution of the British East India Company and the direct administration of India by the British government.
In 1858, the British Parliament passed the Government of India Act, transferring the power from the East India Company to the British Crown.
Under the British Raj, India was governed by a Viceroy (representing the British monarch) and the Indian Civil Service, which comprised of mostly British officials.
The British implemented a policy of indirect rule, utilizing Indian princely states and local leaders to maintain control. This allowed them to minimize the need for a large British presence, while still maintaining overall authority.
The British Raj introduced significant changes to India's political, social, and economic landscape. It led to the construction of railways, telegraph lines, and modern infrastructure.
However, the British also exploited India's resources and people to further their own interests, resulting in widespread poverty, famine, and social unrest. This eventually led to the Indian independence movement, culminating in India gaining independence from British rule in 1947.
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What form of imperial rule was the British East India Company?a. Colonyb. Economic imperialismc. Protectorated. Sphere of Influence
Answer: b. Economic imperialism.
Explanation:
The British East India Company was a form of economic imperialism. It was a joint-stock company formed in 1600 to trade with India and the East Indies. Over time, the company became involved in the administration of India and eventually became the de facto ruler of large parts of India. The company controlled trade, collected taxes, and maintained its own army and navy.
The British East India Company's main objective was to maximize profits through trade, and it used its economic power to influence political and social developments in India. The company's control over India increased over time, leading to the establishment of British colonial rule in India. The company's activities in India were driven by economic interests, and it used its economic power to exert control over the Indian economy.
Therefore, while the British East India Company eventually became the de facto ruler of large parts of India, it was not a colony, protectorate, or sphere of influence in the traditional sense. Rather, it was an economic enterprise that used its economic power to exert control over Indian society and politics.
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