Neutralization is a defense mechanism used by antibodies to protect the body from harmful pathogens and toxins. So, the correct answer is option B.
An antibody's binding to a disease or toxin renders it inactive and stops it from doing any harm.
This is accomplished by neutralising the germs' or toxins' toxic components, rendering them incapable of harming the body.
Immunoglobulins' ability to neutralise pathogens or toxins before they can do any harm makes them particularly effective at preventing illnesses and infections.
If a person has already been exposed to the infection, neutralisation by antibodies may also assist to lessen the severity of symptoms.
Complete Question:
Which of the following is a defense mechanism used by antibodies?
Group of answer choices
A. Precipitation
B. Neutralization
C. Localization
D. Agglutination
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Once the radioactivity began to decline (at about 1250 s), how many seconds elapsed until ½ of the radioactive Protein X was lost from the cell?A.100 sB.200 sC.300 sD.500 s
To solve this problem, we need to use the concept of half-life. Let's assume that the half-life of the radioactive Protein X is 200 seconds. At time t=1250 seconds, the remaining amount of Protein X in the cell would be: The Correct option is D
100 units x [tex](1/2)^(1250/200)[/tex] = 15.8 units
We want to find out the time it takes for the remaining amount of Protein X to decrease to half of its initial amount (50 units). Let's call this time t1.
15.8 units x [tex](1/2)^(t1/200)[/tex] = 50 units
[tex](1/2)^(t1/200)[/tex]= 50/15.8
When we take the logarithm of both sides, we obtain:
t1/200 = log(50/15.8) / log(1/2)
t1 = 2.07 x 200 = 414 seconds
Therefore, the time elapsed between when the radioactivity began to decline and when half of the radioactive Protein X was lost from the cell is:
t1 - 1250 = 414 - 1250 = 836 seconds
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the watery fluid that provides both shape and nourishment to the anterior part of the eye is called vitreous humor. sclera. aqueous humor. choroid.
The watery fluid that provides both shape and nourishment to the anterior part of the eye is called: aqueous humor.
Aqueous humor is a clear, watery fluid that is produced by the ciliary body in the eye and circulates throughout the anterior chamber, which is the front part of the eye between the iris and the cornea. It helps to maintain the shape of the eye and provides nourishment to the cornea and lens.
The balance of production and drainage of aqueous humor is important for maintaining proper intraocular pressure and preventing conditions such as glaucoma.
The aqueous humor is constantly produced and drained in a balanced manner to maintain the intraocular pressure, which is important for maintaining the shape of the eye and providing nutrients to the cornea and lens.
Changes in the production or drainage of aqueous humor can lead to conditions such as glaucoma, which can damage the optic nerve and cause vision loss.
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a hybridization experiment involves mating two individuals . multiple choice question. of the same species with different characteristics with identical characteristics of the same species with similar characteristics
A hybridization experiment involves mating two individuals of the same species with different characteristics. This means that the two individuals have distinct traits or qualities that are not identical. For example, one individual may have a particular eye color while the other individual may have a different eye color. By mating these two individuals, the goal is to produce offspring that exhibit a combination of the traits from both parents.
In contrast, mating two individuals of the same species with identical characteristics would not result in any genetic variation in the offspring. This is because the offspring would inherit the same traits from both parents and would be genetically identical to their parents.
Similarly, mating two individuals of the same species with similar characteristics would not produce as much genetic variation as mating individuals with different characteristics. This is because the offspring would likely inherit similar traits from both parents and may not exhibit as much variation in their traits.
Overall, a hybridization experiment involving mating two individuals with different characteristics allows for the production of offspring with increased genetic variation, which can be useful for studying the inheritance of traits and for breeding purposes.
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true or false: a higher absorbance value will indicate more light transmitted through the sample and a less developed biofilm.
A higher absorbance value will indicate more light transmitted through the sample and a less developed biofilm is False.
A higher absorbance value actually indicates less light transmitted through the sample and a more developed biofilm. To understand this, let's break down the key terms and concepts:Absorbance: Absorbance is a measure of how much light is absorbed by a sample. It is calculated using the logarithm of the ratio of the incident light intensity (I₀) to the transmitted light intensity (I). Mathematically, it is expressed as A = log10(I₀/I).Light transmission: This refers to the amount of light that passes through a sample. When more light is transmitted, it means that less light is absorbed by the sample, and vice versa.Biofilm: A biofilm is a thin layer of microorganisms that adhere to a surface and produce extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). The development of a biofilm can affect the absorbance and transmission of light through a sample.Now, let's put these concepts together:When a biofilm is less developed, it means that the sample is less dense, allowing more light to be transmitted through it. Consequently, the absorbance value will be lower, as less light is absorbed by the sample.On the other hand, a more developed biofilm results in a denser sample, which absorbs more light and allows less light to be transmitted through it. This leads to a higher absorbance value.For more such question on biofilm
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What is the function of SSBP?
The function of SSBP is to bind and protect single-stranded DNA during DNA replication, recombination, and repair.
The function of SSBP, or single-stranded DNA binding protein, is to bind to and stabilize single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) in order to protect it from nuclease degradation and prevent formation of secondary structures such as hairpins.
SSBPs are essential for DNA replication, recombination, and repair as they prevent the unwound ssDNA regions from reannealing or being degraded before their replication or repair. SSBPs work by binding to the ssDNA with high affinity and specificity, and they undergo multiple cycles of binding and dissociation to allow DNA polymerases, helicases, and other enzymes access to the ssDNA.
They also modulate the activities of other proteins that process ssDNA. SSBPs are found in all domains of life and have a conserved structure consisting of one or more oligonucleotide/oligosaccharide-binding (OB) folds that provide the binding site for ssDNA.
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research evidence shows that adding mechanical traction to exercise for pts w/ cervical radiculopathy resulted in no change to disability & pain levels
- (True/False)
True/False: With one value of electrical current, you get one passive response. If you double the amount of current in the stimulus, the passive response also doubles (this doubled current is still not enough to meet threshold)
In general, when an electrical current is injected into a neuron, the amplitude of the passive response will increase with the amount of current. True
This relationship is known as Ohm's Law and holds for passive electrical properties of neurons. Therefore, if one value of current is applied, the neuron will produce a passive response. If the current is doubled while remaining subthreshold, the passive response will also double.
However, if the doubled current exceeds the threshold for the neuron, it will generate an action potential, and the relationship between current and response will change. It's essential to note that other factors, such as the neuron's morphology, membrane capacitance, and input resistance, can affect the neuron's response to electrical stimuli.
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In what way might patterns of endemism vary at the regional scale?
Patterns of endemism can vary at the regional scale in several ways. For example, endemism can be concentrated in specific geographic areas or spread across multiple regions.
Some regions may have a high proportion of narrowly endemic species, while others may have a lower proportion but a higher total number of endemic species. The degree of endemism can also vary within a region, with some areas having higher levels of endemism than others. Additionally, patterns of endemism can be influenced by factors such as climate, topography, geology, and historical events, resulting in unique assemblages of species in different regions.
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What do we need to keep track of in redox reactions, in general?
In redox reactions, we need to keep track of the transfer of electrons between species. Specifically, we need to identify the oxidizing agent (species that is reduced by accepting electrons) and the reducing agent (species that is oxidized by losing electrons).
This can be done by assigning oxidation numbers to each element in the reaction, which reflect the number of electrons gained or lost by that element. The overall change in oxidation numbers of each element must be equal to the total change in charge of the reaction.
We also need to ensure that the number of atoms of each element is conserved throughout the reaction. Finally, it is important to balance the equation by adjusting coefficients so that the number of electrons gained in reduction reactions equals the number of electrons lost in oxidation reactions.
By keeping track of these factors, we can accurately describe and predict the outcomes of redox reactions.
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students use a microscope to look for structures present in four different cells. the students placed an x for each structure that was viewed for each cell on the table shown. which cell that was viewed is most likely a prokaryote?
Because prokaryotic cells lack the membrane-bound organelles found in eukaryotic cells and have simpler structures, the cell with only two structures observed is most likely a prokaryote.
How do you know if a cell is a prokaryotic one when examined under a microscope?Compared to eukaryotic cells, prokaryotic cells are much smaller, lack organelles, and have no nucleus. A cell wall covers every prokaryotic cell. Many likewise have a container or sludge layer made of polysaccharide. Prokaryotes frequently have members (projections) on their surface.
What structural differences between two types of cells would you observe under a microscope?The nucleus, for example, is a membrane-bound organelle in eukaryotic cells, whereas prokaryotic cells do not. The presence of mitochondria and chloroplasts, the cell wall, and the structure of chromosomal DNA are among the cellular structure distinctions between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
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how is the efficiency of photon uptake increased?
The efficiency of photon uptake can be increased in several ways:
Increasing the surface area
Photoprotection mechanisms
Increasing the surface area: The surface area of the light-harvesting structures can be increased, allowing for more photons to be absorbed. This can be achieved through various mechanisms, such as increasing the number of chloroplasts or thylakoid membranes within the plant cell.
Expanding the range of wavelengths absorbed: Photosynthetic organisms can increase the range of wavelengths of light that they can absorb by utilizing additional pigments. In addition to chlorophyll, which absorbs mainly red and blue light, other pigments such as carotenoids and phycobilins can absorb additional wavelengths in the green and yellow range.
Reducing light reflection and transmission: Plants can reduce the amount of light that is reflected or transmitted away from the leaf surface by utilizing specialized structures such as stomata, hairs, or waxes. These structures can help to increase the amount of light that is absorbed by the leaf.
Photoprotection mechanisms: To prevent damage from excess light, photosynthetic organisms have developed various mechanisms to dissipate excess energy. One of these mechanisms is called non-photochemical quenching, which involves the conversion of excess energy into heat to prevent the formation of harmful reactive oxygen species.
By utilizing these strategies, photosynthetic organisms can increase the efficiency of photon uptake and optimize their energy production through photosynthesis.
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What mitochondrial feature enhances cellular respiration?
The mitochondrion's large series of folds known as cristae helps boost cellular respiration.
The numerous internal folds of the inner membrane enable mitochondria to produce ATP effectively. Additionally, the organelle is extremely efficient when oxygen is present. However, cells that require a great deal of energy may contain thousands of these organelles.
To build the limit of the mitochondrion to combine ATP, the internal layer is collapsed to shape cristae. The mitochondrion can accommodate a significantly larger number of electron transport chain enzymes and ATP synthase thanks to these folds.
The mitochondrial matrix, where cells respire, is where the majority of ATP is made: creating roughly 32 ATP particles for each atom of glucose that is oxidized.
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Orientation: muscle parallel to body midline
The Rectus abdominis is the muscle parallel to body midline.
All three names are simply illustrated by abdominal muscles. The word "rectus" refers to muscle fibers that run parallel to one another; the rectus abdominus is located on the abdomen and its fibers run parallel to the linea alba (the midline).
The long muscle of the anterior abdominal wall is the rectus abdominis, most commonly referred to as the "abs muscle." It is readily apparent beneath the skin, forming the "six pack," in people with low body fat. It reaches all the way to the pubic bone from the rib cage.
From the ribcage to the pubis, the rectus abdominis muscle runs parallel to the midline on both sides. Keep in mind that the muscle fibers run inferior to superior. Not a single muscle is found to cover the midline.
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Which of the following occurs during the secretory phase?
uterine glands coil and tissue thickens
tissue rebuilding begins
uterine glands coil
tissue reaches maximal thickness
estrogen stimulates blood vessel growth
During the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle, the uterine glands coil and the tissue thickens.
This is in preparation for a potential pregnancy, where the thickened endometrial lining would provide nourishment and support for a fertilized egg. Therefore, the best answer to your question is "uterine glands coil and tissue thickens."
additional information about the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle.
The secretory phase occurs after ovulation and is the second half of the menstrual cycle. During this phase, the hormone progesterone is produced by the corpus luteum, which is the remnant of the follicle that released the egg. Progesterone helps to prepare the endometrial lining of the uterus for a potential pregnancy by causing the uterine glands to coil and the tissue to thicken.
If a fertilized egg implants in the endometrium, the pregnancy will be maintained by the continued production of progesterone. However, if fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum will degenerate and the levels of progesterone and estrogen will drop. This drop in hormone levels triggers the shedding of the endometrial lining, which marks the start of a new menstrual cycle.
In summary, during the secretory phase, the uterus prepares for a potential pregnancy by thickening the endometrial lining through the coiling of uterine glands. This is primarily driven by the hormone progesterone, which is produced by the corpus luteum after ovulation.
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Are gastric ulcers common? In which compartment do they usually occur? Do they bleed and cause melena? What factors are implicated in gastric ulceration? (1994 Vet Clinics)
Gastric ulcers are quite common in both humans, particularly adults, and animals, including horses and dogs.
They usually occur in the stomach lining, which is the innermost compartment of the stomach. In the non-glandular or "squamous" part of the stomach in horses and the fundus and body of the stomach in dogs.
Gastric ulcers can bleed and cause melena (dark, tarry stools), as well as other symptoms such as decreased appetite, weight loss, and colic.
Factors implicated in gastric ulceration include Helicobacter pylori infection, long-term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), stress, smoking, and excessive alcohol consumption.
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Other than ATP synthesis what drives many cell processes?
Many cellular functions, besides ATP synthesis, are powered by various types of energy, such as A concentration gradient refers to the differential in a substance's concentration between two areas.
Electrochemical gradients are Ion movements across a membrane along an electrochemical gradient that can supply energy for a variety of biological functions.
Concentration gradients are The migration of molecules from a high to a low concentration location that can supply energy for numerous biological functions.
Heating energy can power a variety of biological functions, including enzyme-catalyzed reactions. Cells can also use other types of energy to power their functions, which include light and redox reactions.
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Media that contains only the essential elements for growth and one carbon source (such as lactose) would be called
Media that contains only the essential elements for growth and one carbon source (such as lactose) would be called minimal media.
This is referred to as limited media as defined media. It contains solely the nutrients required for bacterial development, such as nitrogen, phosphorous, and sulfur, as well as a single carbon source, lactose. To explore the dietary necessities of bacteria and pick mutants that can thrive under certain conditions, minimal media is utilized.
Researchers can discover the genes involved in the manufacture of critical nutrients and analyze the biochemical processes of microbes by altering the chemistry of the minimal medium. This is referred to as minimum media.
In laboratory investigations, minimal media is frequently used to study the calorie needs of microbes and to select mutants with specific nutritional deficiencies. Lactose, along with sucrose, glucose, sucrose, and other sugars, is a frequent carbon source in minimal medium.
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The velocity of carrier-mediated diffusion across cellular membranes:
The velocity of carrier-mediated diffusion across cellular membranes depends on several factors, such as the concentration gradient of the molecule being transported, the number and affinity of carrier proteins present in the membrane, and the energy requirements for the transport process.
Generally, carrier-mediated diffusion is slower than simple diffusion due to the involvement of specific transport proteins, but it can still be an efficient means of transporting molecules across the membrane. The velocity of carrier-mediated diffusion can also be influenced by external factors such as temperature and pH, which can affect the stability and function of the transport proteins.
The velocity of carrier-mediated diffusion across cellular membranes depends on factors such as the concentration gradient, the specificity of the carrier protein, and the saturation level of the carrier protein.
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Which mosquito is the highest cause of encephalitis in the US?
Answer:
Culex pipiens/Culex quinquefasciatus and Culex nigrapalpus
Why do edge effects result in species loss and homogenization of patches across the landscape?
Edge effects can result in species loss and homogenization of patches across the landscape for a number of reasons. One key factor is that edges tend to have different environmental conditions than the interior of a patch. For example, an edge might have more light or wind exposure, which can lead to changes in temperature, moisture levels, and vegetation structure. These changes can create new microhabitats that are different from those found in the interior of a patch, and some species may not be able to adapt to these new conditions.
In addition, edges can act as barriers to movement, particularly for species that are adapted to specific types of vegetation or that have limited dispersal abilities. This can lead to isolation and reduced gene flow between populations, which can increase the risk of genetic drift and reduce overall genetic diversity.
Over time, these factors can lead to the loss of specialized or sensitive species that are unable to adapt to the new conditions created by edge effects. At the same time, more generalist species that are able to tolerate a wider range of environmental conditions may become more common in edge habitats, leading to homogenization across the landscape.
How is rDNA made?Four Major Steps:
In conclusion, rDNA is produced by extracting DNA from the target organism, fragmenting it with restriction enzymes, incorporating the fragments into a vector, and then transforming the vector into a host cell.
Recombinant DNA (rDNA) production involves the following four main steps:
DNA extraction: The first step in creating rDNA is to extract DNA from the target species.DNA fragmentation: When the DNA has been extracted, it is cut into pieces using restriction enzymes.DNA fragment insertion: A vector is then used to hold the desired DNA fragments.Transformation of host cells: The vector holding the foreign DNA must be inserted into a host cell, such as a bacterium or yeast, as the last step.Learn more about rDNA visit: brainly.com/question/16979627
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Lipoproteins are synthesized primarily by which two organs?
Lipoproteins are synthesized primarily by the liver and the intestine. In the liver, lipoproteins are synthesized from circulating free fatty acids, cholesterol, and triglycerides.
The liver produces lipoproteins, which are then delivered into the bloodstream for usage by other cells and organs.
Dietary fats, cholesterol, and triglycerides are converted into lipoproteins in the intestine. The bloodstream then carries the lipoproteins made in the intestine, where other cells and organs can use them.
Lipid distribution to organs, tissues, and cells as well as transportation of lipids throughout the body depend on lipoproteins.
Additionally, they have a role in the production of bile acids, hormones, and the control of triglyceride and cholesterol levels.
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1. Why is celiac disease considered an autoimmune disease?
Answer:
it is a disorder caused in your body by the protein and gluten these antibodies damage the lining of the small intestine
Two forms that energy is stored in when protons are pumped across the membrane
Energy is stored in two different types when protons are pushed across a membrane: a proton gradient, and an electrical potential.
The difference in the number of protons on either side for the protective barrier causes the proton gradient. The separation of charge that happens when protons are pushed across the membrane produces the electrical potential. The force that drives the proton is the combination of these two types of stored energy.
The proton motive force (PMF) is a hypothetical energy stored over a membrane as a result of charge separation and proton concentration differences on either side of the membrane. When protons move over a membrane, they create a proton gradient plus a voltage. The PMF is capable of a proton pump.
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67. In this state, what BAC (blood alcohol content) is evidence of intoxication
A. 0.03%
B. 0.05%
C. 0.10%
D. 0.08%
D. 0.08%. It is important to note that the legal BAC limit varies by state and country, and it may be lower for drivers under the age of 21 or for commercial drivers.
What is 0.10 percent BAC?The percentage of alcohol in a person's bloodstream is referred to as the BAC. A blood alcohol concentration of 0.10% indicates that one part alcohol is present in every 1000 parts of blood. A person is legally intoxicated in Texas if their blood alcohol concentration (BAC) is 0.08% or higher.
What is a safe blood alcohol concentration?Self-assessment. You may notice that as you consume alcoholic beverages and approach the 0.08% BAC legal driving limit, you become less inhibited and more extroverted than usual. If you continue to drink and exceed 0.08% BAC, you may experience mood swings, slurred speech, and, most importantly, poor judgement.
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why do you find disulfide bonds on the exterior of a cell more common than the interior of a cell?
Disulfide bonds are more commonly found on the exterior of a cell because the extracellular environment is oxidizing, which promotes the formation of these bonds.
On the other hand, the interior of a cell is a reducing environment, which tends to break disulfide bonds. Disulfide bonds are covalent bonds between two sulfur atoms that form when two cysteine residues come close together. These bonds are important for stabilizing protein structures and can be found both inside and outside of cells. However, disulfide bonds are more commonly found on the exterior of cells because they are formed in an oxidative environment, which is typically found in extracellular spaces.
In contrast, the reducing environment inside cells makes it more difficult for disulfide bonds to form and remain stable. Additionally, many proteins that are found on the exterior of cells have specific functions that require them to maintain a stable structure, and disulfide bonds are an effective way to achieve this. Overall, the prevalence of disulfide bonds on the exterior of cells is due to the combination of the oxidative environment and the specific functions of extracellular proteins.
In summary, the difference in the chemical environments inside and outside the cell determines the prevalence of disulfide bonds.
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Group hunting can favorably influence the ability to obtain different food resources and the efficiency of a capture as a result of:
Group hunting can be a highly effective strategy for predatory animals, allowing them to exploit a wider range of resources and increase their overall efficiency in capturing prey.
Group hunting is a strategy employed by many predatory animals to increase their ability to obtain different food resources and the efficiency of their capture. This is achieved through a number of different mechanisms.
Firstly, group hunting allows for the division of labor among individuals within the group. Each member of the group can specialize in a particular aspect of the hunt, such as tracking, chasing, or capturing prey. This specialization can increase the overall efficiency of the group, as each member is able to perform their role more effectively.
Secondly, group hunting allows for the pooling of resources. By working together, group members can coordinate their efforts and increase the likelihood of a successful hunt. This can be particularly important when hunting large or dangerous prey, where the risk of injury or failure is high.
Finally, group hunting can allow for the exploitation of different food resources. Different group members may specialize in different types of prey, allowing the group as a whole to exploit a wider range of resources than would be possible for an individual hunter. This can increase the overall nutritional diversity of the group, which may be important for maintaining health and fitness over the long term.
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which pair of animals is more closely related to each other? ursus americanus and ursus maritimus or ursus americanus and bufo americanus?
The Ursus americanus and Ursus maritimus are more closely related to each other than Ursus americanus and Bufo americanus.
To determine which pair of animals is more closely related to each other, we need to consider their taxonomic classification.
Ursus americanus and Ursus maritimus are both members of the family Ursidae and are closely related to each other as they belong to the same genus Ursus.Ursus americanus and Bufo americanus belong to different families, Ursidae and Bufonidae, respectively. They are not closely related to each other.for such more questions on genus Ursus
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if asked to find amount of heat (q) between phases, what is the best approximation for this number?
The best approximation for this number is the heat of fusion or heat of vaporization, depending on the phase transition.
The heat of fusion is the amount of heat required to melt a solid substance into a liquid, or the amount of heat released when a liquid substance solidifies into a solid.
The heat of vaporization is the amount of heat required to convert a liquid substance into a gas, or the amount of heat released when a gas condenses into a liquid. These values are typically reported in units of joules per gram (J/g) or calories per gram (cal/g).
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. Five events occur in a cell constituting a cause-and-effect sequence: 1. an enzyme is manufactured at the ribosomes 2. cellulose is deposited in a cell wall 3. a molecule of RNA is transcribed 4. a carbohydrate polymer is synthesized 5. a nucleic acid migrates from nucleus to ribosome
The correct cause-and-effect sequence for the given events in a cell is as follows:
A molecule of RNA is transcribed from a DNA template in the nucleus.The RNA molecule migrates from the nucleus to the ribosome in the cytoplasm.An enzyme is manufactured at the ribosomes by translating the RNA sequence into an amino acid sequence.A carbohydrate polymer is synthesized by the enzyme in the cytoplasm.Cellulose is deposited in a cell wall by incorporating the carbohydrate polymer into the wall structure.So the correct sequence is:3 -> 5 -> 1 -> 4 -> 2
This sequence starts with the transcription of DNA into RNA in the nucleus, followed by the migration of RNA to the ribosome. The ribosome then translates the RNA sequence into an amino acid sequence, leading to the manufacture of an enzyme. The enzyme synthesizes a carbohydrate polymer in the cytoplasm, which is then incorporated into the cell wall as cellulose.
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