This is a simplified explanation of the DNA fingerprinting process, and there may be additional factors to consider when analyzing a specific DNA fingerprint.
To determine the genotype of the mother and father based on DNA fingerprinting,
you need to follow these steps:
Identify the bandsDNA fingerprinting is based on the differences in the length of DNA fragments that result from cutting the DNA with restriction enzymes. The resulting fragments are separated by size using electrophoresis, which creates bands on the gel. Each band represents a fragment of a specific length.
Determine the allele sizeThe different alleles of a gene can have different numbers of tandem repeats, which will result in different fragment sizes. By comparing the size of the bands in the DNA fingerprint to a known set of alleles, you can determine the size of the alleles for each individual.
Determine the genotypeBased on the size of the alleles, you can determine the genotype of each individual. For example, if the alleles at a given gene locus are a1, a2, and a3, and one individual has alleles a1/a2 and the other has alleles a2/a3, you can determine the genotypes of both individuals.
Infer the parental genotypeFinally, you can infer the genotype of the parents based on the genotypes of their offspring.
For example, if two individuals have the same parents and one has the genotype a1/a2 and the other has the genotype a2/a3, you can infer that the mother is either a1/a2 or a2/a3, and the father is either a1/a2 or a2/a3.
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: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension)
69) Water gain during a day comes from either ________ or ________. How is water lost during a day?
Water gain during a day comes from either precipitation or condensation. Precipitation can be in the form of rain, snow, hail, or sleet and can be a major source of water for many areas.
Condensation is the process in which water vapor from the atmosphere is converted into liquid water. This is most commonly seen when water droplets are formed on the outside of a cold object. Water is lost during a day through the process of evaporation. This occurs when liquid water is converted into water vapor and is released into the atmosphere.
Evaporation occurs when the sun heats up the liquid water and causes it to become a gas. This process can take place in many locations such as oceans, lakes, rivers, ponds, and even in soil. Evaporation is also the main source of water for clouds and precipitation. In addition, transpiration is another way water is lost.
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The oxidase test determines whether or not an organism has cytochrome oxidase in its electron transport chain. By adding a drop of oxidaxe reagent (p-phenylenediamine) to the culture, what color change would you see if the organism was oxidase positive?
If the organism is oxidase positive, the oxidase reagent (p-phenylenediamine) will undergo oxidation and produce a dark-purple color.
The oxidase test is a biochemical test considerably used in microbiology to distinguish bacteria grounded on their capacity to induce cytochrome c oxidase, an enzyme involved in the electron transport chain. The oxidase test is grounded on the idea that cytochrome c oxidase catalyses the oxidation of p- phenylenediamine, performing in the development of a dark grandiloquent colour.
A bitsy bit of the bacterial culture is put on a piece of sludge paper or a tar to perform the oxidase test. The oxidase reagent( p- phenylenediamine) is also applied to the paper orswab.However, the reagent will be oxidised by cytochrome c oxidase within 20 seconds, performing in a dark- grandiloquent colour, If the organism is oxidase positive.
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In certain fish, red and blue fish when mated create offspring with a patchwork of blue AND red scales. This is an example of _______ inheritance. What would be the genotypic and phenotypic probabilities for a cross between a blue fish and a fish with patchwork red/blue scales?
The inheritance example given is a case of partial dominance. When there is incomplete dominance, neither allele is entirely dominant or recessive, and the phenotype of the heterozygous person is a combination of the two alleles.
What is the genotype of a blue fish?Red and blue scales codominate on some fish. A fish with the genotype BR has patches of blue and red scales.
What does a fish's genotype entail?The genetic makeup of a fish at the locus (or loci) that results in a certain trait is called its genotype. At every locus, fish are either homozygous or heterozygous. A fish or cell that is haploid (N) only possesses one chromosome from each chromosomal pair. The gametes are haploid.
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How does NPP vary among biomes?
Which biome has the highest NPP?
All together do aquatic or terrestrial biomes have higher NPP?
How does NPP among biomes relate to the % of earth's surface each covers?
NPP varies among biomes due to climate, vegetation type, and nutrient availability. Tropical rainforests have the highest NPP, and terrestrial biomes have higher NPP than aquatic biomes. NPP is directly related to the percentage of Earth's surface each biome covers.
NPP is the amount of organic matter produced by plants through photosynthesis, minus the amount that is used up in cellular respiration. NPP varies among biomes due to differences in environmental factors such as temperature, precipitation, and sunlight, which affect the growth and productivity of plant life.
Tropical rainforests have the highest NPP among biomes, with up to 2200 gC/m²/yr, while deserts have the lowest NPP, with less than 50 gC/m²/yr. Terrestrial biomes such as forests and grasslands generally have higher NPP compared to aquatic biomes such as oceans and lakes.
The relationship between NPP among biomes and the percentage of Earth's surface each covers is directly proportional, with biomes covering a larger surface area having higher NPP.
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Explain the advantages of being small when you are a phytoplankton?
The advantages of being small when you are a phytoplankton include:
1. Increased surface area to volume ratio: Being small allows phytoplankton to have a larger surface area relative to their volume. This enables efficient nutrient absorption and gas exchange, which are essential for growth and reproduction.
2. Easier dispersal: Small size helps phytoplankton to be easily dispersed by water currents, increasing their range and chances of survival.
3. Faster reproduction: Smaller phytoplankton generally have shorter generation times, allowing them to reproduce more quickly and respond to changes in their environment.
4. Better light absorption: Small phytoplankton can better access light for photosynthesis, as they are more likely to be evenly distributed throughout the water column, rather than sinking to the bottom or accumulating at the surface.
5. Enhanced predator avoidance: Being small makes phytoplankton less visible and harder to catch by larger predators, increasing their chances of survival.
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according to which model of succession do early colonizing species modify the environment to facilitate colonization by other early colonizing species?
The model of succession that describes the phenomenon you are referring to is the facilitation model.
According to this model, early colonizing species modify the environment by creating conditions that are more favorable for the growth and establishment of other early colonizers. These modifications can include changes to soil structure, nutrient availability, or microclimate, among others.
As a result, the early colonizers create a habitat that is more hospitable for subsequent waves of colonization, leading to a gradual shift in the species composition of the community over time.
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Uncovertebral Joints: Central Joints- since these can limit side flexion a lot, what are 2 techniques that would be beneficial for these pts?
Uncovertebral joints are located in the cervical spine and are important in limiting side flexion. When these joints become compromised, it can lead to restricted movement and pain.
To alleviate the symptoms associated with central joint issues, two techniques that may be beneficial are:
Soft tissue mobilization: Soft tissue mobilization involves manual manipulation of the muscles and tissues surrounding the affected joint. This technique helps to break up adhesions and increase circulation to the area, which can improve mobility and reduce pain.Joint mobilization: Joint mobilization involves applying manual pressure to the joint to encourage movement and reduce stiffness. This technique is often used in conjunction with soft tissue mobilization to achieve optimal results.It's important to note that these techniques should only be performed by a qualified healthcare professional who has experience in treating cervical spine issues.
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If membrane proteins are integrated into the ER membrane by means of the ER protein translocator (which itself is composed of membrane proteins), how do the first protein translocation channels become incorporated into the ER membrane?
If membrane proteins are integrated into the ER membrane by means of the ER protein translocator (which itself is composed of membrane proteins), the first protein translocation channels become incorporated into the ER membrane through translocon.
The membrane protein complexes called translocation channels make transport across the protein membrane simpler. The translocator complex is a smaller complex made up of just a few translocator subunits. The lipids in the ER membrane may interact with these subunits leading to the gradual formation of a larger complex that can support the translocation of proteins across the membrane of ER.
The ER houses a protein translocation channel known as the translocon. The main route by which proteins are transported across the ER membrane is created by Sec61 one of the numerous diverse subunits that make up the translocon. regulate the translocation process and help with protein folding and assembly when new proteins are being created.
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Describe the method that researchers at the Mote Marine Laboratory in Florida have developed which they hope will allow restoration of some dying reefs.
Researchers at the Mote Marine Laboratory in Florida have developed a method called "microfragmentation and fusion" to restore dying reefs.
Microfragmentation and fusion is a technique that is being explored as a way to restore dying coral reefs. The process involves taking small fragments of healthy coral from existing reefs and using them to grow new colonies of coral.
First, coral fragments are collected from healthy reefs and brought to a coral nursery. There, the fragments are broken down into even smaller pieces, called microfragments. These microfragments are then attached to a substrate, such as a ceramic tile, and allowed to grow into new coral colonies.
Once the new coral colonies have reached a certain size, they are transplanted onto dying reefs in the hope of restoring them. The microfragments can also be fused together to create larger coral colonies that are better able to withstand environmental stressors.
The technique of microfragmentation and fusion has shown promise in restoring coral reefs, as it allows for the creation of new colonies from a small number of healthy fragments. However, it is important to note that this technique is not a panacea for the many threats facing coral reefs, including climate change, ocean acidification, and overfishing. Effective coral reef conservation will require a multifaceted approach that addresses these complex issues.
This technique involves taking small fragments of coral and growing them in a controlled environment until they are large enough to be replanted onto the reef. The fragments are then fused together to create a larger colony that is more resilient to environmental stressors. This method has shown promising results in restoring coral populations in the Florida Keys and other areas affected by coral bleaching and other threats. By increasing the number and diversity of coral colonies, this technique can help support the health of the entire reef ecosystem.
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All of the following statements about the evolutionary biology approach are true except one. Which one is FALSE?
The evolutionary biology approach focuses solely on the genetic mechanisms of evolution. This statement is false.
Option (C) statement is false.
While genetic mechanisms are an important aspect of evolutionary biology, the field also considers other factors such as environmental pressures, organismal behavior, and population dynamics. The evolutionary biology approach seeks to understand how organisms have evolved and diversified over time through the process of natural selection and other mechanisms.
It uses comparative methods to study the relationships among organisms, including their anatomical, physiological, and genetic similarities and differences.
Additionally, the field of evolutionary biology also explores the social and ecological contexts in which evolution occurs, such as the interactions between species and the effects of climate change on biodiversity.
Therefore, the option (C) is false.
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The question is incomplete. the complete question is:
All of the following statements about the evolutionary biology approach are true except one. Which one is FALSE?
A) The evolutionary biology approach seeks to understand how organisms have evolved over time through natural selection.
B) The evolutionary biology approach considers how environmental factors influence the evolution of organisms.
C) The evolutionary biology approach focuses solely on the genetic mechanisms of evolution.
D) The evolutionary biology approach uses comparative methods to study evolutionary relationships among organisms.
Blood supply to the lungs, capillaries supplied by bronchial arteries
The lungs are vital organs responsible for exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide in the body. Blood supply to the lungs is crucial for this process, as it ensures that oxygen is delivered to the lungs and carbon dioxide is removed from the body.
While the majority of the blood supply to the lungs comes from the pulmonary arteries, the bronchial arteries also play an important role. The bronchial arteries are small arteries that arise from the aorta and supply blood to the bronchial tree, as well as other structures in the lungs, such as the connective tissue and lymph nodes. These arteries branch off and supply the larger airways with oxygenated blood.
While the pulmonary arteries supply deoxygenated blood to the lungs, the bronchial arteries provide oxygenated blood to the lung tissue itself. This is important for the metabolic needs of the lungs, as they require oxygen to function properly.
The capillaries supplied by the bronchial arteries are responsible for delivering oxygen and nutrients to the lung tissue, as well as removing waste products. This process is essential for maintaining healthy lung function and preventing diseases such as pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary fibrosis.
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What has a greater capacitance... a larger neuron or a smaller neuron?
Generally, larger neurons have a greater capacitance than smaller neurons
Generally, larger neurons have a greater capacitance than smaller neurons. This is because capacitance is directly proportional to the surface area of the neuron's membrane, which increases as the neuron size increases. Therefore, a larger neuron has a larger surface area, which leads to a greater capacitance. However, it's important to note that capacitance is also influenced by other factors such as the dielectric constant of the membrane and the distance between the charged particles, so the relationship between neuron size and capacitance is not always straightforward.
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Cervical Spine Muscles- what are the 2 treatment options available to use?
For cervical spine muscles, two treatment options available to use are physical therapy and muscle relaxant medications. Physical therapy helps improve muscle strength and flexibility, while muscle relaxant medications can help alleviate muscle tension and spasms.
There are several treatment options available for cervical spine muscles, but two common ones include physical therapy and chiropractic adjustments. Physical therapy involves exercises and stretches that can help improve the strength and flexibility of the muscles in the neck and spine. Chiropractic adjustments, on the other hand, involve manual manipulation of the spine to realign the vertebrae and alleviate pressure on the nerves and muscles in the neck. Both of these treatments are available to use for individuals with cervical spine muscle issues.
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How are free fatty acids transported through the blood?
Answer:
Explanation: By fusing protein albumin
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge)
29) Excess potassium ions are eliminated from the body by the
A) sweat glands.
B) kidneys.
C) liver.
D) digestive system.
E) spleen.
Excess potassium ions are eliminated from the body by the kidneys. The kidneys play a crucial role in maintaining electrolyte balance in the body, including the regulation of potassium levels.
The excess potassium ions are filtered out of the blood by the kidneys and then excreted in the urine. This process is essential for preventing hyperkalemia, a condition characterized by high levels of potassium in the blood, which can lead to muscle weakness, cardiac arrhythmias, and even death.
The sweat glands do not play a significant role in eliminating excess potassium ions, as they primarily secrete water and electrolytes such as sodium and chloride. The liver and digestive system are also not involved in this process. Overall, the kidneys are vital organs for maintaining proper potassium balance in the body.
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Describe the general composition of the IUCN.
Describe the general structure of the IUCN.
Name 4 international treaties brokered by the IUCN.
IUCN has three components: the member organizations, the six scientific commissions and the secretariat.
The IUCN is the foremost authority on the state of nature and the steps that must be taken to protect it. Its expertise are divided into six Commissions: one for ecosystem management, one for social and economic policy, one for environmental law, one for protected areas, and one for education and communication.
The goals of IUCN are to inspire, influence, and help communities throughout the world protect the integrity and diversity of nature while also making sure that any use of natural resources is fair and environmentally sustainable.
IUCN aims to create best practices and methodologies that support efficient conservation and aid in the attainment of high standards for sites, as well as inform the development of professional competence and have an impact on national and international policy. IUCN is at the forefront of the global effort to prevent extinction of species.
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which of the following are associated with x-ray diffraction analysis? choose one or more: a. is based on the principle of wave interference b. does not destroy specimens so it can be used for other studies c. induces mutations in microbial specimens d. allows visualization at an atomic level e. can be used to obtain images inside bodies without surgery f. requires form
X-ray diffraction analysis is based on the principle of wave interference (option a) and requires form (option f) .
It is a non-destructive technique that does not destroy specimens so it can be used for other studies. X-ray diffraction analysis allows visualization at an atomic level and is commonly used for determining the structures of crystals, proteins, and other materials.
This technique is not associated with inducing mutations in microbial specimens. While X-ray imaging can be used to obtain images inside bodies without surgery, this is not directly related to X-ray diffraction analysis.
Overall, X-ray diffraction analysis is a powerful tool for understanding the structure and properties of materials, and has a wide range of applications in science and technology.
Thus, the correct option is a and f.
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What endocrine glands are influenced by hormones secreted from the anterior pituitary gland?
Hormones secreted from the anterior pituitary gland influence several endocrine glands in the body, including the thyroid gland, adrenal gland, gonads (testes in males and ovaries in females), and mammary glands
The anterior pituitary gland is often referred to as the "master gland" because it secretes several hormones that control the functions of other endocrine glands in the body. The hormones released by the anterior pituitary gland are regulated by hypothalamic releasing hormones, which are released by the hypothalamus and transported to the anterior pituitary gland via the hypophyseal portal system.
The hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary gland include:
Growth hormone (GH): Stimulates growth and cell reproduction in the body.Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH): Stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism and energy production.Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH): Stimulates the adrenal gland to secrete cortisol, which regulates stress response and metabolism.Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH): Regulate reproductive function and stimulate the production of sex hormones in the gonads (testes in males and ovaries in females).Prolactin: Stimulates milk production in mammary glands.The hormones released by the anterior pituitary gland play a crucial role in maintaining the balance of hormones in the body, and any abnormalities in the secretion of these hormones can result in a variety of disorders and diseases.
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What is the stereochemistry of the chiral amino acids that appear in eukaryotic proteins? L- or D-? (R) or (S)? Any exceptions?
The stereochemistry of the chiral amino acids that appear in eukaryotic proteins is primarily L- (levorotatory), meaning that the amino acid has a R (rectus) configuration when viewed from the perspective of the α-carbon.
The sole exceptions to this norm are the amino acids glycine and alanine, which are not regarded as optically active due to their achiral, non-stereospecific structures.
When regarded from the perspective of the -carbon, the D- (dextrorotatory) structure of L-amino acids has a S (sinister) configuration.
Since L-amino acids are those that are found in naturally occurring peptides and proteins, they make up the majority of chiral amino acids that are found in eukaryotic proteins.
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Which part of the brain is the newest in an evolutionary sense?
Answer: The newest part of the brain in an evolutionary sense is the neocortex, which is found only in mammals and particularly in primates. It is the outermost and largest part of the cerebral cortex and is responsible for a wide range of higher cognitive functions, including perception, spatial reasoning, conscious thought, and language. It is believed to have evolved relatively recently, in terms of evolutionary history, and is thought to be responsible for the complex social and cognitive behaviors that are unique to primates, including humans.
Explanation:
what are some types of small post-translational modifications of enzymes?
There are several types of small post-translational modifications of enzymes, including phosphorylation, acetylation, glycosylation, ubiquitination, methylation, and oxidation. These modifications can affect the activity, stability, and localization of the enzyme, as well as its interactions with other molecules.
For example, phosphorylation of a serine or threonine residue can alter the enzyme's conformation or activity, while glycosylation can modify its surface properties or target it to specific cellular compartments. Similarly, methylation or acetylation can regulate the enzyme's function by altering its interactions with other proteins or molecules.
Overall, post-translational modifications are critical for the regulation of enzyme activity and cellular function.
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Cloning might also be used to bring animals back from
_________
Cloning is a process of creating genetically identical copies of an organism. This technology has been applied to various species of animals and plants. Cloning might also be used to bring animals back from extinction.
Extinction is the permanent disappearance of a species from the earth. It can be caused by various factors such as natural disasters, habitat destruction, hunting, and climate change.One of the ways that cloning can be used to bring back extinct animals is through a process called de-extinction. De-extinction is the process of recreating extinct species using genetic engineering and cloning technologies. This process involves extracting DNA from fossils or preserved tissues and then using that DNA to create an embryo of the extinct animal. The embryo can then be implanted into a surrogate mother of a closely related species, and the animal can be brought to term.De-extinction has been used to bring back several species that have gone extinct in recent history, such as the Pyrenean ibex and the passenger pigeon. However, this technology is still in its early stages and has some ethical and practical concerns that need to be addressed before it can be widely applied. Cloning might also be used to bring back other extinct species in the future, but it is important to consider the implications of such actions and the potential impact on ecosystems.For more such question on Cloning
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which glucose transporters are the most significant and highly regulated?
The three most significant and highly regulated glucose transporters are GLUT1, GLUT4, and SGLT1.
GLUT1 is primarily responsible for basal glucose transport across the cell membrane and is found in multiple cell types. GLUT4 is a specialized transporter for muscle and fat cells, and is highly regulated by insulin, which is released in response to an increase in blood glucose levels.
SGLT1 is an active transporter that is involved in the absorption of glucose from the intestine into the bloodstream. It is highly regulated by hormones such as GLP-1 and GIP, and its activity is increased in response to an increase in dietary glucose.
All three of these transporters are essential for the maintenance of normal blood glucose levels, and their regulation is essential for healthy glucose metabolism.
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what ion in the presynaptic neuron signals for neurotransmitters to be exocytosed across the synapse?
The ion in the presynaptic neuron that signals for neurotransmitters to be exocytosed across the synapse is calcium (Ca2+). When an action potential reaches the axon terminal of the presynaptic neuron, voltage-gated calcium channels open, allowing an influx of calcium ions into the terminal.
The increase in calcium concentration triggers a series of events that cause synaptic vesicles containing neurotransmitters to fuse with the presynaptic membrane. This process, called exocytosis, releases neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft.
These neurotransmitters then diffuse across the synaptic cleft and bind to specific receptors on the postsynaptic neuron's membrane, leading to either excitatory or inhibitory effects depending on the type of neurotransmitter and receptor involved. This process converts the electrical signal of the action potential back into a chemical signal, allowing for communication between neurons.
In summary, calcium ions play a crucial role in the exocytosis of neurotransmitters across the synapse, enabling communication between neurons and the propagation of signals throughout the nervous system.
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which has a greater contractile velocity? type I or type II fibers?
Type II fibers have a greater contractile velocity compared to Type I fibers. This is because Type II fibers contain more myosin ATPase, which is an enzyme responsible for breaking down ATP to generate energy for muscle contraction.
Type II fibers also have a larger cross-sectional area and a higher concentration of fast-twitch muscle fibers, which allows them to produce more force and contract more quickly than Type I fibers. However, Type I fibers have greater endurance and are more resistant to fatigue due to their high oxidative capacity and slow contraction speed.
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How many months following delivery are all transfers and temporary additional duty assignments deferred
All transfers and temporary additional duty assignments are deferred for a period of four months following the birth of a child to the service members.
Thus, in Department of Defense Instruction governing the administration of the Transfer of Post 9/11 GI Bill benefits to dependents, all transfers and temporary additional duty assignments are deferred for a period of four months following the birth of a child. During this period, service members are not allowed to accept any kind of transfer or temporary duty assignments that take them away from their families.
The purpose of this policy is to benefit the service members by allowing them to spend more time with their newborn and also to provide support during the critical postpartum period. This policy only applicable to the Transfer of Post 9/11 GI Bill benefits, not to other types of temporary additional duty assignments within the military.
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animal cell structure has which of the following advantages? multiple select question. movement facilitated by flexibility communication facilitated by cell junctions rigidity facilitated by cell walls independence facilitated by lack of differentiation structure facilitated by an extracellular matrix
Animal cell structure has the advantage of movement facilitated by flexibility and communication facilitated by cell junctions.
Based on the terms provided, the advantages of animal cell structure include:
1. Movement facilitated by flexibility: Animal cells do not have rigid cell walls, which allows them to be more flexible and change shape for movement.
2. Communication facilitated by cell junctions: Animal cells have specialized structures called cell junctions (e.g. gap junctions) that enable communication and transfer of substances between adjacent cells.
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how does lechatliers principle apply to temperature and enthalpy?
According to Le Chatelier's Principle, a system in equilibrium will adjust to counteract the stress and restore equilibrium when subjected to stress. Changes in temperature and enthalpy during a chemical reaction can be incorporated into this idea.
At the point when the temperature of a framework at balance is changed, the harmony will change in the course that either retains or delivers heat, contingent upon whether the temperature is expanded or diminished. For an exothermic response, an expansion in temperature will move the balance toward the reactants, as the response discharges heat and the framework will neutralize the expansion in temperature by consuming intensity. In contrast, as the reaction releases more heat into the environment to counteract the decrease in temperature, a decrease in temperature will shift the equilibrium toward the products.
In a similar vein, the equilibrium will shift in the direction that either absorbs or releases heat to compensate for a change in a reaction's enthalpy, such as when a reactant or product is added or removed. When a reactant is added to an equilibrium system, the equilibrium will shift to the products so that they can use the reactant, releasing heat. The equilibrium will shift toward the reactants to replace the lost product if a product is removed, consuming heat in the process.
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the curative abilities of antibiotics with minimal side effects suggests that they are lethal to certain bacteria, but do not harm your own cells. why is this? g
The curative abilities of antibiotics with minimal side effects is due to the fact that they are selectively toxic to certain bacteria but not to human cells because antibiotics are specifically designed to target bacteria.
This is accomplished by concentrating on bacterial cell components, such as the bacterial cell wall, ribosomes, and enzymes, which are not present in human cells.
In contrast to bacterial cells, which are more susceptible to the effects of antibiotics, human cells have a stronger immune system and are better equipped to withstand their effects.
Antibiotics are hence effective at killing the desired germs while having little to no negative effects on human cells.
Complete Question:
The curative abilities of antibiotics with minimal side effects suggests that they are selectively toxic to certain bacteria, but not to human cells. Why is this?
Group of answers:
A. Antibiotics target bacterial cell components that are not found in human cells.
B. Human cells have a stronger immune system than bacterial cells.
C. Human cells are better able to resist the effects of antibiotics.
D. Antibiotics are specifically designed to target bacteria.
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When wild type E. coli are plated on nutrient agar plates and on antibiotic containing plates, confluent growth is seen on the nutrient agar plates. 10 colonies are seen on the antibiotic containing plates. The colonies on the antibiotic plates are the result of spontaneous mutation
The presence of ten colonies on antibiotic-containing plates suggests that these colonies acquired antimicrobial resistance through spontaneous mutation.
In contrast, nutrient agar plates promote the growth of each antibiotic-resistant & non-resistant E. coli. This is because nutrient agar offers all of the critical nutrients required for bacterial development, but antibiotic-containing dishes only allow antibiotic-resistant bacteria to proliferate.
In bacterial populations, spontaneous mutations are common, and they are the major process by which bacteria evolve antibiotic resistance. Confluent growth of nutrient agar plates suggests that wild-type E. coli can grow well in a food-rich environment. The existence of only ten colonies on one antibiotic-containing plate, on the other hand, indicates that the organisms in question are not resistant to the antibiotics utilized.
The colonies on the antimicrobial plates may have formed as a result of spontaneous mutations in the population of microbes that imparted antibiotic resistance. This is a common event in bacterial populations because they can swiftly adapt to changing conditions in the environment via genetic changes.
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