Recombination, which may happen when a single host is simultaneously infected with two genetically different virus strains, is another source of potentially adaptive diversity.
What is evolution?The process of evolution is how different kinds of creatures evolve over time. It often involves a mix of genetic variety, natural selection, and other elements including mutation, genetic drift, and gene flow. The fundamental tenet of evolution is that populations of organisms accumulate random genetic changes over extended periods of time, which result in the emergence of novel traits and features.
The key determinant of viral evolution rate is the (9) mutation rate, which is lower in SARS-CoV-2 and its relatives compared to other RNA viruses like Hepatitis C Virus and HIV. However, SARS-CoV-2 strains have a very high (10) dN/dS ratio, suggesting strong positive selection rather than neutral evolution. In addition to point mutations, (11) insertions & deletions can generate functionally relevant diversity. Further, host-mediated (12) genome editing can introduce directed mutations. Most mutations will be quickly lost due to chance or (13) purifying selection against deleterious variants. Ultimately, the (14) substitution rate, which measures the accumulation of variation over time rather than simply the generation of new mutations, determines the rate of evolution. Although mutations occurring during the course of infection can generate multiple variants within individual hosts, scientists studying viral evolution at the population level focus on the (15) consensus sequence for each host, which consists of the most common variant at each sequence position in the genome. Another source of potentially adaptive variation is (16) recombination, which can occur when an individual host is simultaneously infected with two genetically distinct viral strains.
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Genetic variation is the source for evolution. Without a variety of phenotypes, there would be no differential survival upon which natural selection can act. Which of these are sources of the genetic variation within a population? Select ALL that apply.
Answer: Sexual Reproduction
Explanation: The genetic variation occurs due to induced changes to the genome from environmental factors, fertilization of two haploid gametes during gamete fusion. The correct options are D and E.
What is genetic variation?
The presence of differences in gene sequences between individual organisms of a species evolves during a process of reproduction.
Some birds eat seeds. If a bird drops a seed in soil, which best explains how a plant could be helped
Answer: Bird helps plant seed. Seed transport enhances growth. A winged creature deposits a germ to aid vegetation. Seeds aid unrestricted growth. Bird poop can nourish seeds during growth. Animal waste improves soil fertility and promotes plant growth. Birds help seeds grow by creating soil holes. Bird droppings aid plant growth and boost biodiversity by providing essential nourishment for seeds. Excrement benefits soil and plants. Bird holes aid seed growth. Bird droppings enhance plant growth and biodiversity.
Explanation:
People who are forced to leave their homelands because of change related to the environment are called
global warming migrants.
generation global warming.
climate forcers.
climate refugees.
Answer:
D. Climate Refugees
Explanation:
Quizlet said so and quizlet doesnt lie
What is TRUE of impacts of climate change?
Negative impacts will outweigh any positive ones.
Only humans experience impacts from climate change.
We cannot be sure if there are any impacts of climate change.
There are only negative impacts to climate change.
The accompanying choice is valid for effects of environmental change: Any positive effects will be outweighed by any negative ones.
What is valid for effects of environmental change?Climate change poses a number of threats, including forest fires, extreme weather, invasive pests, diseases, and other threats. Some species will be able to move and continue to exist, while others won't. Hunger and malnutrition are on the rise worldwide due, in part, to climate change and an increase in extreme weather events.
Which four effects do climate change have?More regular and serious dry spell, storms, heat waves, rising ocean levels, dissolving glacial masses and warming seas can straightforwardly hurt creatures, obliterate the spots they live, and unleash devastation on individuals' livelihoods and networks.
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read the article Characteristics of the electromagnetic spectrum and answer the questions in the drop-down selection below.
Scientists might opt to transmit data at a lower frequency instead of a higher frequency because higher frequencies are more easily attenuated and absorbed by objects, such as buildings or trees.
The limitations of sending information using electromagnetic waves include interference, signal degradation, and limited bandwidth.
Analog signals vary in amplitude or frequency while digital signals are discrete signals that consist of a series of binary values.
What are the characteristics of the electromagnetic spectrum?The characteristics of the electromagnetic spectrum are the properties of signal propagation and the amount of data that transmissions may carry. In general, transmissions broadcast at higher frequencies can carry more data but go farther in propagation.
Digital signals provide the following benefits over analog signals:
Digital transmissions are less susceptible to interference and noiseIt is simple to process and manipulate digital signals.More information can be carried by digital signals in a given amount of time or space.In three different ways, analog and digital signals are used in daily life:
Traditional radio transmitting employs analog signals.Digital television broadcasting makes use of digital signals.In telecommunications systems, analog and digital signals are both employed.Learn more about the electromagnetic spectrum at: https://brainly.com/question/2261239
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How do closely related and distantly related organisms compare in their DNA sequences?
Answer:
Distantly related have a long time to elapse after they share a common ancestor; hence, they have more time for mutations to accumulate in their DNA. Whereas closely related have a short time accumulating mutations since their last common ancestor, thus DNA sequences are more similar.
Explanation:
i hope this help.
Identify the types of point mutations depicted.
Glycine (G G C) is transformed to Glycine (G G A).
Glycine Glycine
missense mutation
nonsense mutation
silent mutation
Lysine (A A G) is transformed to stop codon (T A G).
Lysine Stop
missense mutation
nonsense mutation
silent mutation
Answer:
The first one is silent mutation, The second is missense mutation.
Explanation:
silent mutation is when you change the last point of dna in the line. Missense mutation is when you change the first.
Efforts to minimize the impact of climate change are called
adaptation.
mitigation.
stabilization.
coordination.
Mitigation are the efforts to minimize the impact of climate change. So, the correct option is B.
Give a brief account on Climate change mitigation.Climate change mitigation is about reducing greenhouse gas emissions that warm the planet. These strategies include retrofitting buildings to make them more energy efficient. Introduction of renewable energy sources such as solar, wind and small hydro. Help cities develop more sustainable transportation options such as express buses, electric vehicles and biofuels. Promote more sustainable use of land and forests.
About 1.4 billion people worldwide rely on conventional fuels such as coal and wood for their basic energy needs. It can also cause millions of people, especially women and children, to die prematurely. By 2035, global energy demand is expected to grow by more than 50%, and even faster in developing countries. All of these new consumers want clean energy that doesn't harm them or the environment.
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The DNA molecule is very similar among all living things. The pairings are always the same and there are only six components that make up DNA . Why is there so much diversity of life? Responses Organisms contain different types of DNA . Organisms contain different types of , , D N A, , , . The sequences of base pairs are different. The sequences of base pairs are different. Organisms use DNA differently. Organisms use , , D N A, , , differently. The sugar component of the nucleotides are different.
Answer:
The diversity of life despite the similarity of DNA molecules in every living organism arises from the sequences of base pairs in DNA that are different.
Explanation:
Why is it said that natural selection acts on phenotypes rather than on the genetic material of organisms?
Answer:
It's because an organism's phenotype, or physical traits, are what truly decide whether it can reproduce and pass on its genotype to the following generation.
Because the phenotype of an organism represents the alleles that are actually expressed in that organism, natural selection affects that phenotype.
Explanation:
what are the immunofluorescent Techniques?
Answer:
Immunofluorescent techniques are a group of laboratory methods used to detect and visualize the presence of specific proteins or other molecules in cells or tissues. These techniques rely on the use of antibodies that bind specifically to the target molecule of interest, which are then detected using fluorescent dyes or tags. Here are some commonly used immunofluorescent techniques:
Direct immunofluorescence (DIF): In DIF, a primary antibody that binds to the target molecule is directly labeled with a fluorescent dye or tag, which allows for direct visualization of the target molecule under a fluorescent microscope.
Indirect immunofluorescence (IIF): In IIF, a primary antibody that binds to the target molecule is first detected by a secondary antibody that is labeled with a fluorescent dye or tag. This amplifies the signal and allows for more sensitive detection of the target molecule.
Immunofluorescence staining of cells or tissues (IF): In IF staining, cells or tissue sections are incubated with primary and secondary antibodies that bind to the target molecule, which is then visualized using a fluorescent microscope.
Immunofluorescence flow cytometry (IFC): In IFC, fluorescently labeled antibodies are used to detect specific cell surface markers on individual cells in a fluid suspension. The cells are then sorted based on their fluorescence signals.
Explanation:
Immunofluorescence techniques are methods used to detect and visualize specific molecules in cells, tissues, and biological samples using fluorescent dyes that bind to specific targets.
There are several types of immunofluorescence techniques, including:
Direct immunofluorescence: In this technique, a fluorescently labeled antibody specific to the target molecule is directly applied to the sample.Indirect immunofluorescence: In this technique, an unlabeled primary antibody specific to the target molecule is applied to the sample, followed by a fluorescently labeled secondary antibody that recognizes the primary antibody.Immunohistochemistry: This technique uses antigens to identify specific cells and proteins in tissues.Flow cytometry: This technique is used to analyze cells in suspension, where cells are labeled with fluorescently-conjugated antibodies, and then analyzed using a laser beam.These techniques are commonly used in various fields of research including cell biology, immunology, virology, and microbiology, to study the localization and expression of specific molecules and to detect diseases or abnormalities.
The interior of the phospholipid bilayer is _______ meaning it repels polar molecules, such as water
The cell membrane's inside is hydrophobic, meaning that water won't cling to it. In order to effectively separate fluid inside the cell from fluid outside the cell, phospholipids form a two-layer cell membrane.
Why do polar molecules repelled by the phospholipid bilayer?Large hydrophilic polar or ionic molecules find it difficult to pass through the phospholipid bilayer. The cell membrane prevents the passage of any size charged atoms or molecules.
What component of the phospholipid bilayer is water-repellent?While the tails (the lipid component) are non-polar, the heads (the phospho part) are polar. The tails, which face the inside of the cell membrane, are "hydrophobic" (fearful of water), whereas the heads, which make up the exterior and inner linings, are "hydrophilic" (lovers of water).
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Which of the following are stages of lake succession?
A. Lakes become shallow
B. Lakes eventually become a dry land
C. All of the above
D. Lakes eventually become a wetland
The right response is (A) Lakes get shallower and (D) Lakes finally turn into wetlands.
A natural process known as "lake succession" takes place over time as a lake progressively transforms into a distinct environment. It involves a number of stages that are often triggered by adjustments to the water's physical and chemical characteristics as well as by interactions between the ecosystem's biotic and abiotic elements.
The most typical lake succession patterns include the lake gradually getting shallower over time as sediment and organic material build up on the bottom. Changes in water quality and nutrient availability may result from this, which may alter the kinds of plant and animal species that may coexist in an ecosystem.
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According to a 2018 report by the IPCC, how many years do we have to reduce carbon dioxide emissions to keep warming under 1.5°C?
12
15
37
22
Explanation:
According to a 2018 report by the IPCC, how
21 The students view two cells, a skin cell and a
muscle cell. In which cell are the students MOST
LIKELY to view more mitochondria?
A. The students will view more mitochondria in the
muscle cell because this cell type requires more
energy formed during ATP synthesis.
B. The students will view more mitochondria in the
muscle cell because this cell type requires the
breakdown of unnecessary macromolecules.
C. The students will view more mitochondria in the
skin cell because this cell type requires harmful
substances to be detoxified before entering the
body.
D. The students will view more mitochondria in the
skin cell because this cell type requires water
levels to be maintained by moving molecules in
and out.
A is the right response. The muscle cell has more mitochondria visible to the students because it needs more energy produced during ATP production.
Why are mitochondria more abundant in skin cells?The ability to synthesise more ATP, the cellular energy, would be necessary for cells that demand more energy to function. They would need additional mitochondria if they wanted to produce more ATP.
Why are mitochondria so prevalent in skin cells?The skin depends heavily on mitochondria. Although it might not need as much energy as other organs, such skeletal muscle, it is nevertheless crucial for functions like cell signalling, wound healing, pigmentation, vascular homeostasis, and hair development.
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immunohistochemistry in lymphomas
Answer:
IHC staining is essential for the diagnosis of various lymphomas. It is crucial that the pathologists select appropriate markers according to the clinical situation of the patient, the H&E staining results, and accurately interpret the IHC results for an optimal lymphoma diagnosis.
Immunohistochemistry is commonly used in the diagnosis and classification of lymphomas. Some of the key markers and their uses in lymphomas include:
CD20 - B cell marker, used to confirm the B cell nature of B cell lymphomas. Positive in follicular lymphoma, diffuse large B cell lymphoma, etc.
CD3 - T cell marker, used to confirm the T cell origin of T cell lymphomas and lymphomas like anaplastic large cell lymphoma.
CD5 - Often positive in chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma and mantle cell lymphoma. Helps distinguish these lymphomas from diffuse large B cell lymphoma.
CD10 - Often positive in follicular lymphoma, germinal center diffuse large B cell lymphoma and mantle cell lymphoma. Helps classify follicular vs diffuse large B cell lymphomas.
BCL2 - Highly positive in follicular lymphoma. Helps confirm the follicular lymphoma diagnosis.
MUM1/IRF4 - Positive in germinal center diffuse large B cell lymphoma and primary mediastinal large B cell lymphoma. Helps classify diffuse large B cell lymphomas into different subtypes.
Ki-67 - Used as a proliferation marker to assess the aggressiveness of lymphomas like follicular lymphoma. Higher Ki-67 suggests more aggressive disease.
CD68 - Macrophage marker used to rule out Hodgkin lymphoma, which is MAC-1 positive. Helps distinguish Hodgkin vs non-Hodgkin lymphomas.
Other markers - CD79a, PAX5, CD23, CD30, ALK-1, EBER, etc. are used less commonly but may provide additional useful information in specific case types.
In conclusion, immunohistochemistry is a significant tool for accurately classifying different lymphomas in accordance with the WHO categorization system. It aids in the classification of the many subtypes of B cell and T cell lymphomas as well as the distinction between B cell, T cell, and Hodgkin lymphomas.
Why is a change of a few degrees in average global temperatures more concerning than day-to-day weather changes of a few degrees?
An increase in average global temperatures means we have more weather extremes that can cause problems.
This means that temperatures are increasing all around the globe, not just in a few areas.
Climate has never changed in the past, so if it is changing now by even just a few degrees we know something is wrong.
Weather changes of a few degrees rarely happen, so it is not something we worry about.
In addition, day-to-day changes of a few degrees don't have a lasting effect on the environment, whereas a change in average global temperatures could have a more long-term.
What is environment ?Environment is the sum total of the physical, chemical and biological conditions that affect and influence the growth, development and survival of organisms. It includes air, water, land, plants, animals, and other natural resources that interact together to form a complex system called the biosphere. It is the living and non-living components of our world that surrounds us and affects our ability to live on the planet. Through the recognition and understanding of the importance of the environment, humans can strive to develop sustainable practices that will ensure the health and well-being of the environment and the population it sustains.
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Which phrase best summarizes how animals get water from the environment
as part of the water cycle?
A. By drinking and by eating other living things
B. By sweating and by eating plants
C. By drinking and by performing photosynthesis
D. By the processes of evaporation and precipitation
Describe the process of pollination and fertilization in flowering plants?
Please
Answer:
Pollination is the transfer of pollen from the male part of the flower, known as the anther, to the female part of the flower, known as the stigma. This can occur through a variety of methods, including wind, water, or through the action of animals. Once the pollen lands on the stigma, it begins to grow a tube down through the style of the flower towards the ovary.
Fertilization occurs when the pollen tube reaches the ovary and fertilizes the egg cell inside the ovule. The fertilized egg cell then develops into a seed, while the ovary develops into a fruit. The process of fertilization requires the transfer of genetic information from the male parent to the female parent, which occurs when the sperm cell from the pollen combines with the egg cell in the ovule.
After fertilization, the ovule develops into a seed, which contains the genetic material necessary for the growth and development of a new plant. The fruit, which develops from the ovary, provides protection for the seeds and helps to disperse them away from the parent plant. This process of pollination and fertilization is essential for the reproduction of flowering plants, and allows for genetic diversity and evolution within plant populations.
Highlight the economic importance of parasites to agriculture in the tropics
b. Enumerate the impacts of parasitic infection on education
Parasites can have positive or negative impacts on agriculture in the tropics. Parasitic infections can reduce school attendance, impair cognitive ability, lower academic performance, and lead to social stigmatization, particularly in developing countries.
What effects do parasites have on agriculture?Farmers and ranchers that have parasite-infested herds incur greater expenditures to care for sick animals and lose money due to poor productivity. Not only do animals suffer economic losses when they pass away, but also when they are unable to do their normal jobs or when the meat, milk, wool, skins, or eggs they provide are of poor quality.
What do agricultural parasites do?Internal parasites including worms, flukes, and protozoa, as well as external parasites like flies, ticks, lice, and mites, infest cattle, sheep, and goats. Livestock parasites may potentially be zoonoses, which means they may spread to people.
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12. Which population is most likely to survive a sudden environmental change caused by an extreme
drought: A large, genetically diverse population or a small, genetically similar population? Why?
The small genetically similar population
Answer:
Large diverse
Explanation:
change caused by an extreme drought because genetic diversity allows for a greater range of traits and adaptations to help cope with changing conditions
Water collects in small cracks in a rock, then freezes. The expansion of the water while frozen
causes the rock to crack further, and eventually break off in pieces. What is the name of this
process?
Responses
Ophysical/mechanical weathering
O erosion
O chemical weathering
O deposition
Answer:
A: physical/mechanical weathering
Explanation:
The name of the process described is physical/mechanical weathering. This type of weathering refers to the breakdown of rocks and minerals through physical processes, such as the freezing and thawing of water, which causes the rock to crack and break apart.
Option B, erosion, refers to the process by which soil and rock particles are removed and transported by wind, water, or other natural agents. While the cracking and breaking of the rock caused by freezing and thawing can lead to erosion, it is not the primary process at work.
Option C, chemical weathering, involves the breakdown of rocks and minerals through chemical reactions, such as the dissolution of limestone in acidic water. While water can be involved in both physical and chemical weathering, the freezing and thawing process is a purely physical mechanism.
Option D, deposition, refers to the process of sediment being dropped or deposited in a new location, such as the buildup of sand along a beach or the accumulation of soil in a river delta. This process is not related to the cracking and breaking of rocks due to the freezing and thawing of water.
Which of these can be used by scientists to estimate past climates?
the Mauna Loa observatory data of atmospheric CO2 concentrations that shows CO2 levels rising and falling with the seasons
the range and distribution of current species
an analysis of pollen grains trapped in layers of lake sediments
the number of annual rings in an ice core
An analysis of pollen grains trapped in layers of lake sediments can be used by scientists to estimate past climates. So, the correct option is C.
Give a brief account on fossil pollen.One of the most easily identifiable types of paleoclimate records is tree-ring data. Trees that form single rings can leave a record of the conditions they face each year. Glacially deposited rock is another example of a proxy record.
Fossil pollen has been used to interpret climate records for the past million years. This is because pollen grains come from plants that are directly related to modern plant species, and we know the climatic conditions of modern plants. It also tells us how has affected the climate over the years.
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Two locations have different water vapor Contant in the atmosphere which of this is likely to be recorded
Answer:
The water vapor content in the atmosphere is typically recorded using a measurement called relative humidity, which represents the amount of water vapor present in the air relative to the maximum amount the air could hold at a given temperature. Therefore, if two locations have different water vapor content in the atmosphere, it is likely that they would have different relative humidity readings.
For example, if one location has a higher water vapor content in the air, it would have a higher relative humidity measurement than a location with a lower water vapor content. Conversely, if one location has a lower water vapor content in the air, it would have a lower relative humidity measurement than a location with a higher water vapor content.
It is important to note that other factors can also influence relative humidity measurements, such as temperature and atmospheric pressure, so a direct comparison of relative humidity readings between two locations should take these factors into account.
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Pretend that eyes only come in three colors, brown, green and blue. Eye color is dependent on two genes. Brown or blue on the first, and green or blue on the second. (This will be a Punnett Square with two traits.) The first gene controls a colored layer near the front of the eyeball (nearest the observer). If this colored layer is brown (BB or Bb), the observer will see brown eyes and the second layer will not be seen. If the first layer is blue (bb), the observer will see through that layer to the second colored layer behind it. The second colored layer can be green (GG or Gb) or blue (bb). If a woman has green eyes, what are her possible allele combinations on her genes for eye color (her possible genotypes)? List them all.
If a woman has green eyes, her genes for eye color may contain the allele combinations: BbGg (one copy of the brown allele and one copy of the green allele)
BbGG (one copy of the brown allele and one copy of the green allele) Bbgg (one copy of the brown allele and one copy of the blue allele) bbGg (two copies of the blue allele and one copy of the green allele)What is the genotype of the eyes?The genetic makeup of an individual that determines their eye characteristics is referred to as their genotype. The number and type of pigments in the iris, which are controlled by a number of genes, determine the color of the human eye.
A person with blue eyes can only have genotype bb (two copies of the blue allele), as blue eyes are always the result of having two copies of the blue allele.
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Which molecule currently accounts for three-fourths of all greenhouse gas emissions?
CFCs
carbon monoxide
carbon dioxide
nitrous oxide
methane
Carbon dioxide is the molecule that currently contributes three-fourths of all emissions of greenhouse gases. So the right response is
carbon dioxide.
Which three gases are referred to as greenhouse gases (GHG)?Carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and a variety of synthetic chemicals are major greenhouse gases. Since it currently contributes the most to the warming caused by human activities, carbon dioxide is frequently cited as the most significant anthropogenic greenhouse gas.
Is CFC an eco-friendly gas?Additionally, CFCs and HCFCs are greenhouse gases; However, because they are being phased out under an international agreement known as the Montreal Protocol, their contribution is not included here.
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Most organism are eventually preserved as fossils
true or false
Answer:
true yes yes yes yes yes
Explanation:
that tha tha tha tha
Answer: True
Explanation:
What are proteins made from?
A. Nucleic acids.
B. Fatty acids.
C. Amino acids.
D. Monosaccharides
Please help!
Amino acid building blocks make up proteins. Thus, the right response to the question is (c).
How do proteins become made?A complex collection of molecules known as a ribosome is used by cells to assemble proteins. The ribosome puts amino acids in the correct order and connects them with peptide bonds. A polypeptide chain—a lengthy collection of amino acids—is produced by this procedure, known as translation.
Why do proteins matter in biology?Amino acids make up the chemical substances known as proteins. Up to four levels of structure can be found in proteins. Different proteins each have a complicated structure that gives them special characteristics. Proteins called enzymes speed up biological processes in cells. Proteins known as antibodies hunt down and kill infections.
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two virginia cities that drain to the north Carolina sounds
Answer: Norfolk and Virginia Beach.
Explanation: Two Virginia cities that drain to the North Carolina sounds are Norfolk and Virginia Beach. Both cities are located in the southeastern region of Virginia, and their drainage systems ultimately flow into the Albemarle and Pamlico Sounds, which are located in northeastern North Carolina.
Your Family May Once Have Been A Different Color
1. Read article and mark the text. Be sure to:
a. Highlight/underline important ideas
b. Circle important people
c. Write in your own words in the margin
2. Summarize the main idea of the article and discuss TWO ways that having dark skin color is more
adaptive than lighter skin color. Use evidence from the article by naming the paragraph number
